Public policy final

natural rights

life liberty property (john locke) rights inherent to humans

direct democracy

citizens vote directly

representative democracy

citizens elect representatives

articles of confederation weaknesses

no central government, 9/13 states to pass laws, no national army

shays rebellion

showed meek central govt, prompted constitutional convention

branches of govt

legislative, executive, judicial

legislative

makes laws, congress

executive

enforces laws, president

judicial

interprets laws, supreme court

separation of powers

divides government responsibilities among branches to avoid one having too much power

checks and balances

each branch can limit others, ex veto, impeachment, judicial review

enumerated powers

powers for federal govt

elastic clause

gives congress power to pass laws necessary and appropriate for doing its job

supremacy clause

federal over state law

federalism

division of power over federal and state governments

great compromise

bicameral legislature(senate and house of reps)

congress today

100 in senate, 435 in hor

bill of attainder

law declaring someone is guilty without trial (unconstitutional)

ex post facto law

punishment for an illegal action that was legal when committed (unconstitutional)

writ of habeas corpus

must show cause for arrest/detention

federalists

supported strong central govt

antifederalists

wanted bill of rights, supported state governments

census

population count every two years

reappointment

redistributes house seates based on census

redistricting

redrawing congressional districts

president

executes laws, commander in chief, veto

vice president

presides over senate, assumes presidency

white house staff

advisors close to president

president qualifications

35, 14 year residency, natural born citizen

senate

30, 9 yr citizen

house of reps

25, 7 yr citizen

incumbent advantage

name recognition, funding

casework

helping constituents with government issues

oversight

congressional review of executive branch actions

bill process

introduction, committee action, floor debate, voting, cross chamber action, confrence committee, enactment, president sign or veto or override by 2/3 vote in chambers

conference committee

resolves differences in house and senate version of a bill

war powers act

president must notify congress within 48 hrs of deploying troops

executive agreements

international pact made by the president without the senates approval

executive orders

presidential derectives with force of law

district courts

trial courts with original jurisdiction

original jurisdiction

first time a court hears a case

appellate jurisdiction

reviews case of lower courts

dual court system

federal and state courts operate simultaneously

majority

official decision

dissenting

disagrees with majority

concurring

agrees with decision, different reasoning

impeachment

hor brings charges and senate hikds trial (2/30 vote to remove

amendment process

proposal-2/3 of congress, ratification- ¾ of state legislature

civil liberties

protections from govt (speech, religion)

civil rights

protections against discrimination (race, gender)

political socialization

how people form political beliefs (familia, media)

political idealology

liberal, conservative

liberal

bigger central govt, more social proigrams

conservative

smaller central govt, hands off

divided govt

different parties control president and congress

role of third parties

new ideas, change course of election

interest groups

influence policy(NRA)

lobbying

influencing lawmakers

PACs

political action committees, donate money to candidates

primary

voters choose candidate (closed/open)

caucus

primary members meet to choose candidate

national convention

party nominates candidate, sets platform

presidential campaign strategy

focus on swing states, media, debates

straight ticket voting

voting for same party

split ticket voting

voting for different parties

plurality system

most votes wins

winner takes all

electoral votes go to majority winner except ne and me

electoral college

538 votes, 270 to win if no majority house decides

media agenda setting

media influences public priorities by what it covers

margin of error

polling inaccuracy range 3 is common

public policy process

agenda setting, policy formulation, policy adoption, implementation, evaluation

1st amendment

speech, press, assembly, religion, petition

10th amendment

powers not given to federal are given to states/people

14th amendment

equal protection, due process, citizenship

15th amendment

black men right to vote

19th amendment

womens sufferage

20th amendment

inaguration moved to jan 20

24th amendment

no poll tax

26th amendment

vote at 18