ap human GEOGRAPHY 💜

cloropleth map

uses color shadings

isoline map

uses lines

cartogram

size of countries or regions is according to data

mercator

accurate direction

peters

land mass size accuracy

robinson

most used

small scale analysis

lots of land

large scale analysis

little land, detail

remote sensing

collection through satellite

possibilism

cultures respond to environment differently

functional region

centered around an activity

etm stage 3

cancer and heart disease

etm stage 4

alzheimer’s and dementia

etm stage 5

disease resistance

neolocalism

reembracing culture of a place

pidgin language

simplified mix of two language

isoglosses

variation in usage or pronunciation

dialect

regional variation of a language

acculturation

adopting new culture while retaining original

nation

cultural group of people

state

political group

devolution

regions given increased autonomy by central unit

antecedent boundary

physical landscape

subsequent boundary

based on cultural landscape and changes over time

superimposed boundary

outside influence draws boundary

consequent boundary

takes culture into account

defined boundary

established by a legal document

demarcated boundary

physical objects on landscape

definitional dispute

argue over how to interested docs or map used to define boundary (often antecedent)

locational dispute

where a boundary should be

operational or functional

who control or how boundary functions

territorial zone

12 miles for commercial vessels, no commercial may be challenged

contiguous zone

24 miles to enforce laws customs and immigration

EEZ

200 miles to extract resources

high seas

open to any behind EEZ

cracking

breaking majority to minority

packing

bring minority to majority

stacking

diluting minority pop with majority

hijacking

electoral candidates of same party run against

kidnapping

moving rep to area with support to area without support

irredentism

unite people with common culture spread across states

intensive agriculture

multiple energy inputs for higher yields

extensive agriculture

fewer inputs leasing to lower yield

pastoral nomadism

relying on animals for survival

shifting cultivation

grow crop until soil is infertile and move to another field

mixed crop and livestock

crops grown for animals

milk shed

distance dairy can travel

transhumanance

high elevations in summer to low elevations in winter

double cropping

harvesting same crop on same field multiple times a year

inter or multi cropping

two or more crops on same field

economy of scale

increasing efficiency to decrease costs with increases profit

von thunen model

1- horticulture (dairy and gardening)

2- forest (wood)

3- grains (wheat and corn)

4- livestock

close to market - land is more expensive

subsidies

financial support to farmers

borcherts model

divided transportation by time period

streetcar suburbs

communities along rail lines

edge city

economic activity in periphery of city

megacity

10 million people

metacity

20 million people

megalopolis

chain of connected cities

nodal cities

cities with power on smaller scale

rank size rule

1/n size

primate city

twice size of second largest city

gravity model

larger places attract more people

central place theory

people go to places for goods and services

threshold

size required to support a service

range

furtherest people travel for a thing

CBD

commercial heart of city

concentric model

hoyt sector

multiple nuclei model

griffin ford model

periférico- impoverished areas

disamenity zones- crime areas (favelas and barrios)

african cities

• traditional CBD with formal economy

• colonial CBD

• periphery with informal and squatter settlements

mcgee model

• southeast asian cities

• former colonial ports

smart growth policy

• establish walkable cities with a strong community

green belts

undeveloped land to limit growth

redlining

banks refusing loans to minorities

inclusionary zoning

incentives for business owners to sit property aside for low income renters

urban redevelopment

removing landscape and rebuilding

tertiary sector

info and services for people

quaternary sector

manage and process into and data

quinary sector

create info and make high level decisions

least cost theory

explains where people locate factories

agglomeration

grouping businesses together to minimize costs

PPP

compares cost of goods in different countries

GNI/GNP

money produced by citizens

GDP

money produced on country’s soil

GINI

measures wealth inequality

NGOs

provide microcredit to help women start business

rostow stages

development of countries in a linear way

IMF

aid countries needed financial assistance

technopole

info based and high tech manufacturing jobs (growth pole)

• spin and spread effects lead to positive economy outside pole

• backwash (brain drain)