Unit 3. Development and Learning - Pt 4.2: Social-Emotional Development

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

A theory proposing that people face specific social-emotional conflicts at different stages of life.

Trust vs. Mistrust

(Infancy) Learning to trust caregivers; success leads to hope.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

(Toddlerhood) Developing independence (e.g., toileting); success leads to confidence.

Initiative vs. Guilt

(Preschool) Learning to take initiative in activities; success leads to purpose.

Industry vs. Inferiority

(School age) Gaining a sense of accomplishment; success leads to competence.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

(Adolescence) Figuring out personal values and identity; success leads to fidelity.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

(Young adulthood) Building close relationships; success leads to love and connection.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

(Middle adulthood) Contributing to society and family; success leads to purpose.

Integrity vs. Despair

(Late adulthood) Reflecting on life; success leads to wisdom and fulfillment.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Negative early life experiences (e.g., abuse, neglect) that may lead to mental or physical health issues later.

Identity Development

The process of exploring and forming a personal sense of self, including roles like gender, race, or career.

Achievement, Diffusion, Moratorium, Foreclosure

processes of identity

Achievement (Identity)

The individual has explored options and committed to an identity.

Diffusion (Identity)

The person has not explored or committed to an identity.

Foreclosure (Identity)

Commitment to an identity without exploring alternatives (often adopted from authority figures).

Moratorium (Identity)

Actively exploring identity options but not yet committed.