psychology lect notes part 2

What are the factors that IQ scores are positively correlated with?

High parental involvement, stimulating physical environments, and positive family dynamics.

What relationship exists between IQ and socioeconomic status (SES)?

IQ scores are negatively correlated with low socioeconomic status.

What impact does education have on intelligence?

Education has a positive impact on children’s intelligence.

Who proposed the theory of multiple intelligences?

Howard Gardner.

What are the eight types of intelligence according to Gardner?

Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, Spatial, Musical, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalistic.

Which brain structure is quickly processing biologically relevant information?

The amygdala.

What is emotional intelligence (EI)?

The ability to identify, understand, and manage emotions.

How does emotional intelligence differ from traditional IQ tests?

Emotional intelligence is not tested by traditional IQ tests.

What is the two-dimensional model of emotion composed of?

Valence (positive or negative) and psychological arousal (intensity of the emotion).

What does Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs state about satisfying needs?

One must satisfy the lowest level of the hierarchy before others.

What are the five basic needs in Maslow's hierarchy?

Physiological, Safety, Love and Belonging, Esteem, and Self-Actualization.

What motivates behavior according to the drives and incentives framework?

Basic biological needs (drives) and external stimuli (incentives).

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

Intrinsic motivation is doing something for oneself, while extrinsic motivation is for a separate reward.

What is personality defined as?

An individual’s characteristic style of behavior, thought, and feeling.

What are the two main approaches in studying personality?

Idiographic (study of individuals) and nomothetic (study of common trends in populations).

What are standardized questionnaires used to measure personality called?

Personality inventories.

What is a widely reliable, clinically valid personality test?

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).

What are the Big Five personality traits?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

What does rank-order stability refer to in personality?

Our rank-order in personality traits stays mostly the same over time.

What is Freud's concept of the dynamic unconscious?

Personality is formed by needs, strivings, and desires within the unconscious.

What are Freud's three parts of the personality?

Id, Ego, and Superego.

What is the primary focus of the oral psychosexual stage?

Pleasure from the mouth (e.g., sucking, biting).

What do projective techniques aim to reveal?

Inner aspects of an individual’s personality through responses to ambiguous stimuli.

What was Charles Darwin's contribution to the understanding of emotions?

He proposed that facial expressions are evolved and may be universal.

What does the Facial Feedback Hypothesis suggest?

Emotional facial expressions can cause or change an individual's emotional experience.

What is emotional regulation primarily influenced by during the first six months of life?

Regulation mainly comes from parents.

What do social-cognitive theorists argue is the basis for how we behave?

Our behavior is based on personal constructs and situation interpretations.

What is the humanistic approach to personality mainly centered on?

The belief that humans have free will and seek self-actualization.

What does the term 'self-actualization' refer to?

Realizing personal potential, growth, creativity, and achieving one’s fullest potential.

What type of traits did Freud believe were determinants of personality?

Interactions between the Id, Ego, and Superego.

How does one’s temperament relate to adult personality, according to the notes?

Infants’ temperaments are predictive of their adult personalities.

What signifies the resolution of anxiety in Freud's theory?

The reliance on defense mechanisms.

What is the psychological reason for producing an action called?

Motivation.

What did Maslow believe regarding the order of fulfilling needs?

One must satisfy lower-level needs before addressing higher-level needs.

What evidence supports the universality hypothesis of facial expressions?

Visual impairments and infants show similar expressions regardless of experience.

What mechanisms are involved in emotion regulation during adulthood?

Distraction, Suppression, Affect labeling, and Re-appraisal.

What does the term 'psychological construct' refer to?

An abstract concept that is formed based on a collective idea about a certain phenomenon or behavior.

What role does peer influence play in personality development?

Peer influence can significantly shape an individual's personality traits and behaviors.

What is the significance of self-concept in psychology?

Self-concept is how individuals perceive themselves, influencing emotions, behaviors, and overall mental health.

How are temperament and personality related over a lifespan?

Temperament found in infancy can lead to consistent personality traits in adulthood.

What does 'self-esteem' signify in psychological terms?

Self-esteem is the evaluation of oneself, impacting motivation and emotional well-being.

What is the role of culture in shaping personality?

Culture influences personality traits, values, and behaviors common within a community.

What are defense mechanisms in psychology?

Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies employed to cope with anxiety or social prohibitions.

What is the relationship between motivation and emotional well-being?

Motivation drives behavior toward goals, which can enhance emotional satisfaction and well-being.

How do situational factors influence personality expression?

Situational factors can alter the way personality traits are expressed in different contexts.

What does the concept of 'cognitive dissonance' refer to?

Cognitive dissonance is the mental discomfort experienced when holding contradictory beliefs or values.