musculoskeletal

appendicular skeleton

bones of the upper and lower limbs attached to the pectoral and pelvic girdles that anchor them to the axial skeleton

axial skeleton

imaginary line that passes through the center of the body traversing the length of the body; includes bones of the skull, thorax, and vertebral column

ethmoid

the upper nasal bone between the eyes; the bone is light and spongy

frontal

forehead

hyoid

point of attachment for muscles in the mouth and throat

lachrymal

two bones that house the tear ducts

mandible

large bone constituting the lower jaw

maxilla

one of a pair of large bones forming the upper jaw

nasal

two bones that shape the nose

occipital

the cuplike bone at the back of the skull

palatine

forms the hard palate (roof of the mouth)

parietal

bones of the skull (top of the head)

sphenoid

bone at the base of the skull, anterior to the temporal bones

temporal

large bones forming part of the temples

turbinate

cone-shaped nasal bone

vomer

lower part of the nasal septum

zygomatic

two bones, one on each side of the face, which form the high part of the cheek bones and outer eye socket

coccyx

small triangular bone forming the lower extremity of the spinal column; common name is tailbone

cervical vetebrae

vertebrae C1-C7 in the neck or top portion of the vertebral column

lamina pl laminae

the flattened part of the vertebral arch (thinnest part of a vertebra)

lumbar vertebrae

vertebrae L1-L5 at the bottom of the vertebral column or lower back just above the sacrum

sacrum

triangular structure of five fused vertebrae at the base of the vertebral column

thoracic vertebrae

vertebrae T1-T12 between the cervical and lumbar vertebrae or in the area where ribs are

Ribs

a series of curved bones that are articulated with the vertebrae and occur in pairs, 12 on each side of the vertebrate body, certain pairs being connected with the sternum and forming the thoracic wall

Sternum

the elongated, flattened bone forming the middle portion of the thorax (breastbone)

carpals

Wrist bones, there are 2 rows of 4 bones in the wrist

humerus

upper arm bone, consisting of a body, a head, and the condyle

Metacarpals

five long bones in the hand that attach to the wrist (carpal) at one end and the phalanges at the other end

phalanges

finger bones

radius and ulna

the radius is the larger of the two bones of the forearm; the ulna is the bone on the medial or little finger side of the forearm, lying parallel with the radius

femur

the thigh bone, extending from the pelvis to the knee

fibula and tibia

the fibula is the smallest of the bones of the leg; the tibia is the second longest bone of the skeleton, located at the medial side of the leg

Metatarsals

five bones between the ankle and the toes (phalanges)

phalanges

bones in the toes

tarsals

seven bones of the ankle that connect the tibia and fibula to the foot

clavicle

a long, curved, horizontal bone just above the first rib (collar bone)

scapula

shoulder blade

pelvis

includes the right and left hip bones: the sacrum and the coccyx; all bones are fused together to

form the pelvic girdle. The lower limbs of the axial skeleton are attached to the pelvis

ball and socket

a joint in which the globular head of an articulating bone is received into a cuplike cavity, e.g., the hip and shoulder; surrounded by synovial fluid and considered movable

diarthrodal

a joint that permits maximal motion, as the shoulder, knee, or hip joint

hinge

hinge joint, e.g., an elbow or interphalangeal joints between phalanges of the fingers and toes; surrounded by synovial fluid and considered movable

intervertebral

cartilage between the spinal vertebrae provide a cushion between bones; considered slightly moveable

sutures

lines of junction between the bones of the skull; considered an immovable joint

bursa (pl. bursae)

a fluid-filled sac located between tendons and bones of the knee or elbow; the fluid allows for free movement of the joint and prevents friction

synovial flluid

the transparent, viscid fluid found in joint cavities, bursae, and tendon sheaths; the fluid allows for free movement of the joint and prevents friction between the ends of bones

Aponeurosis

a flattened tendon, connecting a muscle with the parts it moves

fascia (pl., fasciae)

a sheet of fibrous tissue holding muscle fibers together

ligament

a band of fibrous tissue connecting bones or cartilage

meniscus (pl. menisci)

a crescent-shaped fibrocartilage in the knee joint

tendon

a fibrous cord of connective tissue attaching the muscle to bone or cartilage

theca

a case or sheath of a tendon

Acetabulum

the cup-shaped cavity (socket) receiving the head of the femur

Foramen (pl. foramina)

holes in a bone for large vessels and nerves to pass through

Fossa (plural: fossae)

a hollow or depressed area

groove

a narrow, linear hollow or depression in bone

malleolus

a rounded process, such as the protuberance on either side of the ankle joint, at the lower end of the fibula or the tibia

olecranon

bony projection of the ulna at the elbow

prominence

protrusion or projection

sinus

a recess, cavity, or channel such as one in the bone, e.g., nasal sinus

tuberosity

an elevation or protuberance, especially of a bone

three categories of muscles in the body

1. heart or cardiac muscle

2. striated or striped muscles, e.g skeletal muscles. These muscles are voluntary muscles that a person has control over.

3. nonstriated or non striped muscles,, e.g smooth muscles, these muscles are involuntary and there is no way to have control over them. e.g movement of the stomach and intestine

identification of body muscles: function

A muscle name has two parts: the first part is a word root, ending in a suffix (-or or -ens); the second part is the name of the affected body structure. An example is the extensor carpi or extension of the wrist

points of origin and attachment

The muscle name joins the names of points of origin and attachment with a word terminal (-eus or -is). An example is the sternoclavicularis for sternum and clavicle.

form or position

The muscle name contains a descriptive word and the name of the muscle location. An example is the pectoralis minor for small chest muscle.

resemblance to an object for which the muscle is used

An example is the buccinator. This refers to the cheek muscle, which is used in blowing a trumpet.

cardiac muscle

specialized muscle found in the walls of the heart; involuntary muscles, controlled by the autonomic nervous system

skeletal muscle

also called striated (striped) or voluntary muscles; muscles attached to skeletal bones except for face, eyes, tongue, and throat; under conscious control

smooth muscle

muscles found in the wall of the stomach, intestine, blood vessels, and respiratory tract; also called involuntary or visceral muscle; under unconscious control

buccinator

fleshy part of the cheek; used to smile, blow outward, and whistle

masseter

muscle at angle of jaw; used for biting and chewing

orbicularis occuli

body of the eyelid, opens and closes the eye, wrinkles forehead

orbicularis oris

muscle surrounding the mouth; closes and purses the lips

temporal muscle

muscle above the ear; used for opening and closing the jaw

biceps brachii

muscle extending from scapula to radius; used to flex lower arm and turn palm of hand upward

deltoid

muscle covering the shoulder joint; extends from clavicle and scapula to humerus, and abducts the shoulder

gastrocnemius

main calf muscle; attaches to heel bone; flexes the foot and the knee

gluteus maximus

fleshy part of the buttocks; extends from ilium to femur; extends and rotates hip laterally

hamstring

muscle in posterior thigh used for flexing knee, as in kneeling, and for hip extension

latissimus dorsi

muscle extending from lower vertebrae to humerus; used for adduction of the shoulder joint

pectoralis major

large, fan-shaped muscle across front of the chest; adducts, flexes, and rotates the shoulder joint inward

quadriceps femoris

anterior thigh muscle; part of a five-muscle group that extends the knee and flexes the hip

sternomastoid

muscle extending from sternum to side of the neck; used for turning the head

Trapezius

triangular muscle extending from back of shoulder to clavicle; used to raise shoulders

triceps brachii

muscle extending from scapula to ulna; responsible for extending the elbow

abduction

to draw away from the axial (median) line

adduction

to draw toward the axial (median) line

Circumduction

moving a part so that one end follows a circular path while the other end remains stationary; e.g., moving the lower arm while the elbow is stationary

Eversion

turning the foot so the plantar surface (sole) faces laterally

Inversion

turning the foot so the plantar surface (sole) faces medially

extension

movement by which the two ends of any jointed part are drawn away from each other; straightening

flexion

bending

protraction

moving a bone forward, e.g., moving the mandible (jaw) out

retraction

moving a bone backward, e.g., moving the mandible (jaw) in

pronation

the prone position (palm down, face down)

supination

palm or face upward

atrophy

wasting away of muscle from disuse

contracture

permanent contraction of a muscle