Exam chem #2 2nd update

What are the three transition metals that have fixed charges?

Zinc (Zn): 2+, Cadmium (Cd): 2+, Silver (Ag): 1+

What are the standard charges for Main Group elements by column?

Column 1: +1, Column 2: +2, Column 13: +3, Column 15: -3, Column 16: -2, Column 17: -1

Define Ionic Bonding vs. Covalent Bonding.

Ionic: Electrostatic interaction between a metal and a nonmetal; involves the transfer of electrons.

Covalent: Electrons are shared between two nonmetal atoms.

What are the naming rules for Binary Molecular Compounds?

Name the first element first, the second with the suffix '-ide', use Greek prefixes to indicate the number of atoms.

List the Greek prefixes for numbers 1-10.

Mono-, Di-, Tri-, Tetra-, Penta-, Hexa-, Hepta-, Octa-, Nona-, Deca-

How do you name a Binary Acid?

Use 'hydro-', the root of the anion, '-ic', and 'acid' (e.g., HCl is hydrochloric acid).

What are the rules for naming Oxyacids?

If the anion ends in '-ate', change it to '-ic acid';

if it ends in '-ite', change it to '-ous acid'.

Define Empirical Formula vs. Molecular Formula.

Empirical: Simplest whole-number ratio of atoms; Molecular: Exact formula of a molecule.

What is Avogadro's Number?

6.022 x 10^23, representing the number of components in one mole of a substance.

How do you calculate Percent Yield?

(Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield) x 100.

What are the Strong Acids?

HCl,

HBr,

HI,

HNO3,

H2SO4,

HClO3,

HClO4.

What are the Strong Bases?

LiOH,

NaOH,

KOH,

Ca(OH)2,

Ba(OH)2,

Sr(OH)2.

Define Oxidation and Reduction.

LEO: Loss of Electrons is Oxidation; GER: Gain of Electrons is Reduction.

What is a Spectator Ion?

An ion that does not participate directly in a chemical reaction.

What are the five signs that a chemical reaction has occurred?

Color change, formation of a solid, evolution of heat/light, evolution of a gas, development of an odor.

mono

1

di

2

tri

3

tetra

4

penta

5

hexa

6

hepta

7

octa

8

nona

9

deca

10

Mercury

Hg2 +2

Ammonium

NH4 +

Nitrite

NO2 -

Nitrate

NO3 -

Sulfite

SO3 -2

Sulfate

SO4 -2

Hydrogen sulfate/ bisulfate

HSO4 -

Hydroxide

OH-

Cyanide

CN-

Phosphate

PO4 -3

Hydrogen Phosphate

HPO4 -2

Dihydrogen phosphate

H2PO4 -

Thiocyanate

NCS- or SCN-

Carbonate

CO3 -2

Hydrogen carbonate/ bicarbonate

HCO3 -

Hypochlorite

ClO- or OCl-

Chlorite

ClO2 -

Chlorate

ClO3 -

Perchlorate

ClO4 -

Acetate

C2H3O2-

Permanganate

MnO4-

Dichromate

Cr2O7 -2

Chromate

CrO4 -2

Oxalate

C2O4 -2

Hydronium

H3O +

if the anion ends in ate

we add ic to the root name

if the anion ends in ite

we add ous to the root name

if the acid does not contain any oxygen we use the prefix

hydro and the suffix ic and the word acid

Organic Compunds

carbon-hydrogen containing molecules
that can also have oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, etc

Alkanes

simplest class of organic molecules that contain
only single bonds and no functional groups

they are organic compounds only containing carbon
and hydrogen

carboxylic acids

These compounds are denoted by a -COOH functional group

H2S dissolved in water

hydrosulfuric acid

alcohols

These compounds are denoted by a -OH functional group

amines

contain carbon-nitrogen bond

When hydrogen atoms in ammonia (NH3) are replaced with
organic groups, we form this group

dissolved in water usually means

the product is a acid

What is the principle of systematic nomenclature in chemistry?

Chemical naming follows rigid protocols based on compound type, using specific prefixes for molecular compounds and rules for acids and organic compounds.

What does stoichiometry allow for in chemical reactions?

Stoichiometry allows for the quantitative conversion between mass, moles, and molecular counts using stoichiometric factors.

What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?

Matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction; the mass of reactants must equal the mass of products.

What are strong electrolytes?

Strong electrolytes completely dissociate or ionize in water, including strong acids and ionic compounds.

What is a binary acid?

a molecule with at least one H^+ ion attached to an anion, named using the prefix hydro-, the root of the element, and the suffix -ic.

What is the difference between theoretical yield and actual yield?

Theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product calculated from the limiting reactant, while actual yield is the amount of product physically obtained.

What are the prefixes used for naming binary molecular compounds?

Prefixes include mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, and deca-.

What is Avogadro's Number?

6.022 × 10^23 units, representing the number of atoms, molecules, or formula units in one mole.

What is a precipitate?

an insoluble solid formed by a reaction in solution, typically in precipitation reactions.

What is the Arrhenius definition of acids and bases?

Acids produce H^+ ions, while bases produce OH^- ions in aqueous solution.

What is the significance of the limiting reactant?

the reactant that is completely consumed first, determining the maximum amount of product formed.

What is the net ionic equation?

The net ionic equation shows only the species that participate in the chemical change, omitting spectator ions.

What is the definition of molarity (M)?

Molarity is a measure of concentration defined as moles of solute per liter of solution.

What are diatomic molecules?

Diatomic molecules are elements that naturally exist as pairs, such as H2, N2, O2, and others.

What is oxidation in redox reactions?

Oxidation is the loss of electrons, resulting in an increase in oxidation state.

What is reduction in redox reactions?

Reduction is the gain of electrons, resulting in a decrease in oxidation state.

What is the formula for calculating percent yield?

Percent yield is calculated as (Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield) × 100%.

What are spectator ions?

Spectator ions are ions present in a solution that do not participate directly in a chemical reaction.

What is the role of stoichiometric coefficients in a balanced equation?

indicate the relative amount of each substance involved in the reaction.

What are the solubility guidelines for ionic compounds?

Salts of Na+, K+, NH4+, nitrates, acetates, and perchlorates are generally soluble; others have specific exceptions.

What defines a strong acid?

A strong acid completely dissociates in water, examples include HCl, HNO3, and H2SO4.

What defines a weak acid?

only partially ionizes in solution, examples include HF and acetic acid.

What is the difference between organic compounds and inorganic compounds?

Organic compounds contain carbon-hydrogen bonds, while inorganic compounds do not.

What is a hydrate?

an ionic compound that has a specific number of water molecules incorporated into its crystal lattice.

What is the significance of oxidation states?

Oxidation states help determine the electron transfer in redox reactions and are assigned based on specific rules.

H

Hydrogen

(atomic number: 1)

He

Helium

(atomic number: 2)

Li

Lithium

(atomic number: 3)

Be

Beryllium

(atomic number: 4)

B

Boron

(atomic number: 5)

C

Carbon

(atomic number: 6)

N

Nitrogen

(atomic number: 7)

O

Oxygen

(atomic number: 8)

F

Fluorine

(atomic number: 9)

Ne

Neon

(atomic number: 10)

Na

Sodium

(atomic number: 11)

Mg

Magnesium

(atomic number: 12)

Al

Aluminum

(atomic number: 13)

Si

Silicon

(atomic number: 14)