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Tip inward — 6-18 per kidney
External Urinary Sphincter
Double-walled globe — capillary network
Shape varies by species — most are bean shaped
U-shaped — descending and ascending limbs
Anterior pituitary gland — thyroid stimulating hormone
Anterior pituitary gland — adrenocorticotropic hormone
Anterior pituitary gland — melanocyte stimulating hormone
Anterior pituitary gland — follicle stimulating hormone
Anterior pituitary gland — luteinizing hormone
Anterior pituitary gland — lactogenic hormone
Posterior pituitary gland — antidiuretic hormone
Posterior pituitary gland — oxytocin
Thyroid gland — Thyroxine (T3) & Triiodothyronine (T4)
Thyroid gland — calcitonin
Thyroid gland — hypothyroidism
Thyroid gland — hyperthyroidism
High TH production/levels; elevated metabolism; Graves’ disease; high BP and heart rate
Parathyroid gland — hyperparathyroidism
Increased PTH: breaks down bone matria making it thin and brittle; risk of fractures
Parathyroid gland — hypoparathyroidism
Adrenal Gland Disorder — Addison disease
Adrenal Gland Disorder — Cushing syndrome
Pancreas Disorder — Low blood glucose disorder
Keto-Acidosis due to ketone buildup
Pancreas Disorder — High blood glucose disorder
Pancreas Disorder — Diabetes mellitus
Insufficient insulin production
Testes — testosterone
Ovaries — estrogen and progesterone
located in the brain near thalamus
Pineal gland — melatonin
Regulates body rhythms; more produced in darkness; inhibits reproduction functions
Pineal gland — serotonin
Neurotransmitter, vasoconstrictor, stimulates smooth muscle contractions; converts to melatonin
movement of material from filtrate into blood
movement of material from blood to filtrate
Exit glomerulus capillaries; carry filtered blood
From efferent arterioles; wrap around the proximal and distal convulated tubules
Urine output
Normal: 56 mL/hour; 30 mL/hour may indicate failure
700–800 mL total; 200–400 mL = urge
condition where kidneys filter too much fluid
Urinary passage obstruction destroys kidneys