ANSC 3363 Test 4

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112 Terms

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Receives 25% of the cardiac output
renal arteries
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Produces urine
nephron
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Obstruction of passage of urine
urinary calculi
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Tip inward — 6-18 per kidney

renal pyramid
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Funnel shaped - collect urine from pyramid ducts
Minor Calyx
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Tubules that secrete drugs and toxins
Distal Convoluted Tubule
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Under involuntary control
Internal urinary sphincter
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Inflammation of bladder
Cystitis
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Passage area for ureters, vessels, nerves
Hilum
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Non-inflammatory kidney disease
Nephrosis
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Under voluntary control

External Urinary Sphincter

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Transports urine to the exterior of the body
Urethra
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Double-walled globe — capillary network

Bowman's Glomerular capsule
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Shape varies by species — most are bean shaped

Kidney
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U-shaped — descending and ascending limbs

Loop of Henle
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Inflammation of the pelvis
Pyelitis
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First tubule that reabsorbs H2O
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
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Stores urine prior to elimination
Bladder
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Contracts during urination
Detrusor muscle
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Transports urine to the bladder
Ureters
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Anterior pituitary gland in brain secretes
ACTH, TSH, GH, FSH, LH, and MSH
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Anterior pituitary gland growth hormone
Two releasing hormones from hypothalamus
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Decrease production of growth hormone
Dwarfism
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Increase production of growth hormone
Gigantism in childhood; acromegaly post puberty
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Acromegaly
Thickening and enlarging but not in length
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Anterior pituitary gland — thyroid stimulating hormone

Stimulates thyroid to release TH
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Anterior pituitary gland — adrenocorticotropic hormone

Stimulates adrenal cortex; released during stress, pain, fear, and cold; increases glucose metabolism
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Anterior pituitary gland — melanocyte stimulating hormone

Stimulates melanocytes; controls skin pigment
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Anterior pituitary gland — follicle stimulating hormone

Females: stimulates ovarian follicle development; Males: stimulates sperm cell production
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Anterior pituitary gland — luteinizing hormone

Females: stimulates ovulation and progesterone production; Males: testosterone production
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Posterior pituitary gland secretes
ADH and oxytocin
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Anterior pituitary gland — lactogenic hormone

Stimulates milk production in females; may cause a decrease in male sex hormone
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Posterior pituitary gland — antidiuretic hormone

Increases water reabsorption in kidney tubules; deficiency causes diabetes insipidus; regulated by osmoreceptors
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Posterior pituitary gland — oxytocin

Causes uterine contractions during birth; constricts mammary gland cells for lactation; minimizes postpartum hemorrhage
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Thyroid gland produces
T3, T4, calcitonin
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Thyroid gland location and requirement
Located below larynx on either side of trachea; requires iodine
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Thyroid gland — Thyroxine (T3) & Triiodothyronine (T4)

Metabolism
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Thyroid gland — calcitonin

Regulates calcium and phosphate concentrations; stimulates bone growth
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Thyroid hormones without target organs
Thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin
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Thyroid gland — hypothyroidism

Low/inadequate production of TH; low iodine in diet
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Cretinism
Reduced skeletal and nerve development in young; lethargic and cold intolerance in adults
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Myxedema
Subcutaneous swelling, dry skin, hair loss, muscle weakness, slow reflexes
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Thyroid gland — hyperthyroidism

High TH production/levels; elevated metabolism; Graves’ disease; high BP and heart rate

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Drugs/foods blocking TH production
Cabbage, lentils, soybeans, peas, peanuts
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Parathyroid gland produces
PTH
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Parathyroid glands
Located behind thyroid; stimulate calcium/phosphate release from bone; kidneys reabsorb Ca, excrete P
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Parathyroid gland — hyperparathyroidism

Increased PTH: breaks down bone matria making it thin and brittle; risk of fractures

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Parathyroid gland — hypoparathyroidism

Decreased PTH; low blood calcium; affects muscles and nerves
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What happens during menopause
No estrogen = no calcium deposited
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Adrenal glands
On top of kidneys
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Adrenal medulla
Epinephrine (fight/flight); norepinephrine (aggression)
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Adrenal cortex
Aldosterone, cortisol (stress), androgens
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Adrenal Gland Disorder — Addison disease

Lack of adrenal cortex hormones; weakness and weight loss
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Adrenal Gland Disorder — Cushing syndrome

Too much adrenal cortex hormone
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Pancreas
Beta: insulin; Alpha: glucagon; Delta: suppresses both
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Pancreas Disorder — Low blood glucose disorder

Keto-Acidosis due to ketone buildup

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Pancreas Disorder — High blood glucose disorder

Excess kidney output; dehydration
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Pancreas Disorder — Diabetes mellitus

Insufficient insulin production

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Type 1 diabetes
Juvenile; inherited
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Type 2 diabetes
Adult onset; lifestyle/diet
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Testes — testosterone

Development of male reproductive structures and sex traits
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Ovaries — estrogen and progesterone

Development of female reproductive organs and traits; menstrual cycle control
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Thymus gland
Behind sternum; secretes thymosin; shrinks with age
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Pineal gland

located in the brain near thalamus

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Pineal gland — melatonin

Regulates body rhythms; more produced in darkness; inhibits reproduction functions

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Pineal gland — serotonin

Neurotransmitter, vasoconstrictor, stimulates smooth muscle contractions; converts to melatonin

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Two main functions of urinary system
Excretion and elimination
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Excretion
Removal of wastes from body fluids
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Elimination
Discharge of waste into the environment
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Cattle kidney shape
Lobulated
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Nephrons
Functional unit of the kidney
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Reabsorption

movement of material from filtrate into blood

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Secretion

movement of material from blood to filtrate

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Efferent arterioles

Exit glomerulus capillaries; carry filtered blood

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Peritubular capillaries

From efferent arterioles; wrap around the proximal and distal convulated tubules

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Urine composition
95% water, urea, uric acid, electrolytes, creatinine
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Urine output

Normal: 56 mL/hour; 30 mL/hour may indicate failure

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Bladder capacity

700–800 mL total; 200–400 mL = urge

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Diuresis

condition where kidneys filter too much fluid

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Polyuria
Excess urination
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Polydipsia
Excess thirst/drinking
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Nephritis
General kidney inflammation
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Nephrosis
Non-inflammatory kidney disease; tubule degeneration
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Uremia
Waste in blood; urine odor on breath/skin
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Hydronephrosis

Urinary passage obstruction destroys kidneys

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Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the kidney
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Renal fascia
Outer layer of kidney anchoring it to adjacent organs/tissues
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Renal capsule
Innermost collagen-based barrier of the kidney
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Adipose capsule
Middle protective layer of the kidney
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Cortex
Outer area of kidney, contains nephrons and cortical material
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Medulla
Inner area of kidney containing renal pyramids
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Major calyces
Formed from minor calyces; join to form renal pelvis
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Renal pelvis
Narrows to form ureter
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Podocytes
Innermost layer of Bowman’s capsule
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Parietal layer
Outermost layer of Bowman’s capsule
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Endothelial-capsular membrane
Filtration barrier in glomerulus
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Arcuate arteries
Arteries that run at right angles into the cortex
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Interlobular arteries
Traverse into cortex from arcuate arteries
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Afferent arterioles
Lead into the glomerular capillaries
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Interlobular veins
Drain into arcuate veins