ANSC 3363 Test 4

Receives 25% of the cardiac output

renal arteries

Produces urine

nephron

Obstruction of passage of urine

urinary calculi

Tip inward — 6-18 per kidney

renal pyramid

Funnel shaped - collect urine from pyramid ducts

Minor Calyx

Tubules that secrete drugs and toxins

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Under involuntary control

Internal urinary sphincter

Inflammation of bladder

Cystitis

Passage area for ureters, vessels, nerves

Hilum

Non-inflammatory kidney disease

Nephrosis

Under voluntary control

External Urinary Sphincter

Transports urine to the exterior of the body

Urethra

Double-walled globe — capillary network

Bowman's Glomerular capsule

Shape varies by species — most are bean shaped

Kidney

U-shaped — descending and ascending limbs

Loop of Henle

Inflammation of the pelvis

Pyelitis

First tubule that reabsorbs H2O

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Stores urine prior to elimination

Bladder

Contracts during urination

Detrusor muscle

Transports urine to the bladder

Ureters

Anterior pituitary gland in brain secretes

ACTH, TSH, GH, FSH, LH, and MSH

Anterior pituitary gland growth hormone

Two releasing hormones from hypothalamus

Decrease production of growth hormone

Dwarfism

Increase production of growth hormone

Gigantism in childhood; acromegaly post puberty

Acromegaly

Thickening and enlarging but not in length

Anterior pituitary gland — thyroid stimulating hormone

Stimulates thyroid to release TH

Anterior pituitary gland — adrenocorticotropic hormone

Stimulates adrenal cortex; released during stress, pain, fear, and cold; increases glucose metabolism

Anterior pituitary gland — melanocyte stimulating hormone

Stimulates melanocytes; controls skin pigment

Anterior pituitary gland — follicle stimulating hormone

Females: stimulates ovarian follicle development; Males: stimulates sperm cell production

Anterior pituitary gland — luteinizing hormone

Females: stimulates ovulation and progesterone production; Males: testosterone production

Posterior pituitary gland secretes

ADH and oxytocin

Anterior pituitary gland — lactogenic hormone

Stimulates milk production in females; may cause a decrease in male sex hormone

Posterior pituitary gland — antidiuretic hormone

Increases water reabsorption in kidney tubules; deficiency causes diabetes insipidus; regulated by osmoreceptors

Posterior pituitary gland — oxytocin

Causes uterine contractions during birth; constricts mammary gland cells for lactation; minimizes postpartum hemorrhage

Thyroid gland produces

T3, T4, calcitonin

Thyroid gland location and requirement

Located below larynx on either side of trachea; requires iodine

Thyroid gland — Thyroxine (T3) & Triiodothyronine (T4)

Metabolism

Thyroid gland — calcitonin

Regulates calcium and phosphate concentrations; stimulates bone growth

Thyroid hormones without target organs

Thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin

Thyroid gland — hypothyroidism

Low/inadequate production of TH; low iodine in diet

Cretinism

Reduced skeletal and nerve development in young; lethargic and cold intolerance in adults

Myxedema

Subcutaneous swelling, dry skin, hair loss, muscle weakness, slow reflexes

Thyroid gland — hyperthyroidism

High TH production/levels; elevated metabolism; Graves’ disease; high BP and heart rate

Drugs/foods blocking TH production

Cabbage, lentils, soybeans, peas, peanuts

Parathyroid gland produces

PTH

Parathyroid glands

Located behind thyroid; stimulate calcium/phosphate release from bone; kidneys reabsorb Ca, excrete P

Parathyroid gland — hyperparathyroidism

Increased PTH: breaks down bone matria making it thin and brittle; risk of fractures

Parathyroid gland — hypoparathyroidism

Decreased PTH; low blood calcium; affects muscles and nerves

What happens during menopause

No estrogen = no calcium deposited

Adrenal glands

On top of kidneys

Adrenal medulla

Epinephrine (fight/flight); norepinephrine (aggression)

Adrenal cortex

Aldosterone, cortisol (stress), androgens

Adrenal Gland Disorder — Addison disease

Lack of adrenal cortex hormones; weakness and weight loss

Adrenal Gland Disorder — Cushing syndrome

Too much adrenal cortex hormone

Pancreas

Beta: insulin; Alpha: glucagon; Delta: suppresses both

Pancreas Disorder — Low blood glucose disorder

Keto-Acidosis due to ketone buildup

Pancreas Disorder — High blood glucose disorder

Excess kidney output; dehydration

Pancreas Disorder — Diabetes mellitus

Insufficient insulin production

Type 1 diabetes

Juvenile; inherited

Type 2 diabetes

Adult onset; lifestyle/diet

Testes — testosterone

Development of male reproductive structures and sex traits

Ovaries — estrogen and progesterone

Development of female reproductive organs and traits; menstrual cycle control

Thymus gland

Behind sternum; secretes thymosin; shrinks with age

Pineal gland

located in the brain near thalamus

Pineal gland — melatonin

Regulates body rhythms; more produced in darkness; inhibits reproduction functions

Pineal gland — serotonin

Neurotransmitter, vasoconstrictor, stimulates smooth muscle contractions; converts to melatonin

Two main functions of urinary system

Excretion and elimination

Excretion

Removal of wastes from body fluids

Elimination

Discharge of waste into the environment

Cattle kidney shape

Lobulated

Nephrons

Functional unit of the kidney

Reabsorption

movement of material from filtrate into blood

Secretion

movement of material from blood to filtrate

Efferent arterioles

Exit glomerulus capillaries; carry filtered blood

Peritubular capillaries

From efferent arterioles; wrap around the proximal and distal convulated tubules

Urine composition

95% water, urea, uric acid, electrolytes, creatinine

Urine output

Normal: 56 mL/hour; 30 mL/hour may indicate failure

Bladder capacity

700–800 mL total; 200–400 mL = urge

Diuresis

condition where kidneys filter too much fluid

Polyuria

Excess urination

Polydipsia

Excess thirst/drinking

Nephritis

General kidney inflammation

Nephrosis

Non-inflammatory kidney disease; tubule degeneration

Uremia

Waste in blood; urine odor on breath/skin

Hydronephrosis

Urinary passage obstruction destroys kidneys

Pyelonephritis

Inflammation of the kidney

Renal fascia

Outer layer of kidney anchoring it to adjacent organs/tissues

Renal capsule

Innermost collagen-based barrier of the kidney

Adipose capsule

Middle protective layer of the kidney

Cortex

Outer area of kidney, contains nephrons and cortical material

Medulla

Inner area of kidney containing renal pyramids

Major calyces

Formed from minor calyces; join to form renal pelvis

Renal pelvis

Narrows to form ureter

Podocytes

Innermost layer of Bowman’s capsule

Parietal layer

Outermost layer of Bowman’s capsule

Endothelial-capsular membrane

Filtration barrier in glomerulus

Arcuate arteries

Arteries that run at right angles into the cortex

Interlobular arteries

Traverse into cortex from arcuate arteries

Afferent arterioles

Lead into the glomerular capillaries

Interlobular veins

Drain into arcuate veins