CME

media

• The main means of mass communication.

• Regarded collectively.

different types of media

• Print Media (Newspapers, Magazines, Books)

• Broadcast Media (TV, Radio)

• New Age Media (Websites, Social Media, Digital Platforms)

law

The system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which if may enforce by the imposition of penalties.

1987 ph constitution

In the Philippines, it is the supreme law of the land.

the revised penal code of the ph

while Republic Act no 3815, otherwise known as __ is the primary law defining criminal offenses and their corresponding penalties in the Philippines.

ethics

A systematic approach to understanding, analyzing, and distinguishing matters of right and wrong, good and bad, and admirable and deplorable as they relate to the well-being of and the relationships among sentient beings.

formal regulatory mechanism of mass media

• Constitutional Provisions

• Statutes

• Ethical Guidelines

• Informal Restraints

the ph journalist code of ethics

• 33 year old code

• Approved by the Philippines Press Institute (PPI), the National Union of Journalists in the Philippines (NUJP), and the National Press Club (NPC) in 1988.

republic act 9995

An Act Defining and Penalizing the Crime of Photo and Video Voyeurism, prescribing penalties therefor, and for other purposes.

purpose (section 2)

• Right to privacy as granted by the Constitution;

• Penalize acts that would destroy the honor, dignity, and integrity of a person.

broadcast

To make public, by any means, a visual image with the intent that it be viewed by person or persons.

“under circumstances in which a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy”

• Believe that he/she could disrobe in privacy, without being concerned that an image or a private area of the person was being captured;

• Circumstances in which a reasonable person would believe that a private area of the person would not be visible to the public, regardless of whether that person is in a public or private place.

prohibited acts

1. To take photo or video coverage

2. To copy or reproduce

3. To sell or distribute

4. To publish or broadcast

exemption

Any peace officer, who is authorized by a written order of the court, to use the record or any copy thereof as evidence in any civil, criminal investigation or trial of the crime of photo or video voyeurism.

inadmissibility of evidence

Any record, photo or video, or copy thereof, obtained or secured by any person in violation of the preceding sections shall not be admissible in evidence in any judicial, quai-judicial, legislative or administrative hearing or investigation.

penalties

Imprisonment of not less that three (3) years but not more than seven (7) years and a fine of not less than one hundred thousand pesos (P100,000) but not more than five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000) or both.

penalties for juridical persons

Its license or franchise shall be automatically be deemed revoked and the persons liable shall be the officers thereof including the editor and reporter in the case of print media, and the station manager, editor and broadcaster in the case of broadcast media.

rights

• Entitlements (not) to perform certain actions, or (not) to be in certain state;

• Entitlements that others (not) perform certain actions or (not) be in certain states;

• To accept a set of rights is to approve a distribution of freedom and authority, and so to endorse a certain view of what may, must, and must not be done.

sources of rights in the philippines

1. the constitutions

2. statues

3. treaties and conventions

4. juridical decisions

5. others

the constitution

• The Supreme Law of the Land.

• It established fundamental rights such as those found in the Bill of Rights.

statues

• These are written laws passed by the Philippine legislature, which can include acts of Congress, municipal legislation, and administrative rules.

• Examples include the Magna Carta of Women (RA 9710) and the Climate Change Act (RA 9729), which protect specific rights.

treaties and conventions

International agreements that the Philippines enters into have the force of law and protect rights.

juridical decisions

Interpretations of the Constitution and laws by the Supreme Court become part of the legal system and are binding on all lower courts.

treaties and conventions (2)

An international agreement concluded between states in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation.

essential requisities of a valid treaty

1. It must be a written instrument or instruments between two or more parties;

2. The parties must be States within the meaning of international law (IL);

3. It must be governed by IL, and;

4. It must be intended to create legal obligations.

pacta sunt servanda

“Agreements must be kept.”

• Embodied in Art. 26 VCLT, which states that ‘every treaty in force is binding upon the parties to it and must be performed by them in good faith.’ 

• Therefore, a contracting party will be held responsible for breach of a treaty. Applies only to treaties which are in force, not to invalid, suspended or terminated treaties.

• One of the fundamental principles of International Law.

united nations

• An international organization established in 1945 to maintain peace, develop friendly relations among nations, and promote social progress, better living standards, and human rights.

• It has 193 member states and aims to be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.

• The Philippine has a long-standing relationship with them, being a founder member that joined in 1945.