AP world timeline (key terms)

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Abbasid Caliphate

750-1258: Islamic Empire with capital in Baghdad, built around trade, known for developments in Dar al-Islam.

Song Dynasty

960-1279: Known for Neo-Confucianism, filial piety, expansion of imperial bureaucracy, economic development through Champa rice and Grand Canal.

Crusades

1095-1291: Military campaigns by European Christians. Initiated to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Delhi Sultanate

1206-1526: Led to the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia. It was a series of Muslim dynasties that ruled over parts of India and was characterized by administrative and cultural developments.

Reign of Genghis Khan

<span>1206-1227: Period during which Genghis Khan united the Mongol tribes and established a vast empire, noted for its military strategies and the establishment of the Pax Mongolica.</span>

Magna Carta

1215: A charter agreed to by King John of England, establishing the principle that everyone, including the king, was subject to the law, and granting specific rights to the nobles.

Yuan Dynasty

1271-1368: The Mongol dynasty in China founded by Kublai Khan, noted for its significant cultural and economic exchanges along the Silk Road and the consolidation of Mongol rule in China.

Ottoman Empire

c. 1299-1922: A vast multi-ethnic empire founded by Osman I, known for its military prowess, administrative structure, and significant cultural achievements across Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca

in 1324 was a journey taken by the emperor of the Mali Empire, which showcased the wealth and power of Mali while fostering trade and cultural exchanges across the Islamic world.

Ibn Battuta's travels

1325-1354: In the 14th century, Ibn Battuta, a Moroccan scholar and traveler, journeyed extensively through Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, documenting his experiences and the cultures he encountered.

Black Death

1346-1388: The Black Death was a devastating global epidemic that swept through Europe, Asia, and parts of Africa in the mid-14th century, resulting in the deaths of millions and significant social and economic upheaval.

Ming Dynasty

(1368-1644): A major Chinese dynasty known for its trade expansion, cultural achievements, and the construction of the Great Wall as well as the Forbidden City.

Zheng He's voyages

(1405-1433): A series of maritime expeditions led by the Chinese explorer Zheng He, showcasing Chinese power and establishing trade routes throughout Southeast Asia, South Asia, and East Africa.

Aztec Empire

(1428-1521): A powerful Mesoamerican civilization known for its advanced agriculture, architecture, and a comprehensive social structure, centered in present-day Mexico.

Inca Empire

(1438-1533): A significant South American civilization that developed a vast empire in the Andes, recognized for its sophisticated agricultural techniques, impressive stone structures, and extensive road systems.

Printing press invented

1440: in the mid-15th century by Johannes Gutenberg, revolutionizing the spread of information and literature in Europe.

Start of Atlantic slave trade

1441:(16th century): The initiation of forced transportation of Africans to the Americas, marking a significant and tragic aspect of global economic exchanges and colonial exploitation.

Ottoman conquest of Constantinople

<span>1453: The capture of the Byzantine capital by the Ottoman Empire, leading to the end of Christian Byzantine rule and significant cultural and political changes in the region.

Columbus voyages to the New World

1492-1504: Series of expeditions led by Christopher Columbus that resulted in the European awareness of the American continents and the beginning of Spanish colonization in the New World.

Safavid Empire emerges

1501-1736: The establishment and consolidation of the Safavid Empire in Persia, which marked the rise of Twelver Shi'ism and significant cultural and political developments in the region.

Protestant Reformation starts

1517: A religious movement initiated by Martin Luther, challenging the practices and doctrines of the Catholic Church, leading to the establishment of various Protestant denominations.

Mughal Empire rises

1526-1857: The establishment and expansion of the Mughal Empire in India, characterized by its significant advances in art, culture, and architecture, as well as consolidation of power under leaders like Akbar.

Scientific Revolution

1550-1700: A period from the 16th to 18th centuries marked by significant advancements in scientific thought, emphasizing observation, experimentation, and the questioning of traditional ideas, leading to developments in fields such as physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry.

British East India Company established

1600: A joint-stock company founded for trade between England and the East Indies, which became instrumental in the expansion of British influence and authority in India and other parts of Asia.

Qing Dynasty governs China

1644-1912: The last imperial dynasty of China, characterized by territorial expansion, cultural integration, and governance by ethnic Manchus, marked by significant developments in art, economy, and trade.

The Enlightenment flourishes

1715-1789: A cultural and intellectual movement in Europe emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority. It influenced various fields including philosophy, politics, and science, laying the groundwork for modern democratic thought.

First Industrial Revolution

1760-1840: A period of rapid industrial growth and technological advancements that transformed manufacturing processes, leading to urbanization and significant economic and social changes.

American Revolution

1775-1783: A colonial revolt against British rule, fueled by Enlightenment ideas and grievances over taxation and governance, resulting in the independence of the Thirteen Colonies and the establishment of the United States.

French Revolution

1789-1799: A period of radical social and political upheaval in France, driven by Enlightenment ideals and resulting in the rise of republicanism, the decline of monarchy, and significant changes in the social order.

Opium Wars

Two conflicts in China (1839-1842, 1856-1860) between Britain and China over trade imbalances and opium imports, leading to significant concessions and territorial losses for China.

Meiji Restoration

It was a political revolution in Japan from 1868 that restored imperial rule under Emperor Meiji, leading to rapid modernization and industrialization, and the end of the Tokugawa shogunate.

Second Industrial Revolution

1870-1914: A period from the late 19th century to early 20th century characterized by advancements in steel production, electricity, and new technologies such as automobiles and telecommunications, significantly transforming economies and societies.

Berlin Conference

A meeting held in 1884-1885 where European powers negotiated the division of Africa, leading to the formal colonization of the continent without African representation.

World War 1

A global conflict that lasted from 1914 to 1918, involving most of the world's great powers divided into two main alliances: the Allies and the Central Powers, resulting in massive casualties and significant geopolitical changes. It was characterized by trench warfare, new military technology, and the involvement of many nations; it ended with the Treaty of Versailles.

Russian revolution of 1917

A series of events in 1917 that led to the overthrow of the Russian monarchy and the establishment of a communist government, significantly impacting the future of Russia and the world.

Great Depression

A worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted through the late 1930s, marked by plummeting stock prices, high unemployment, and widespread poverty, leading to significant social and political changes.

World War 2

A global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations divided into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers, which resulted in significant destruction, the Holocaust, and major political shifts, culminating in the establishment of the United Nations.

Green Revolution

A series of research, development, and technology transfer initiatives that occurred between the 1940s and 1960s, aimed at increasing agricultural production worldwide, particularly in developing countries, through the use of high-yield crop varieties, fertilizers, and advanced irrigation techniques.

Cold War

A prolonged geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and their respective allies, spanning from the late 1940s to the early 1990s, characterized by ideological conflict, military alliances, nuclear arms race, and proxy wars.

Iranian Revolution

A popular uprising in 1979 that resulted in the overthrow of the Pahlavi monarchy in Iran and the establishment of an Islamic Republic led by Ayatollah Khomeini, characterized by significant social, political, and economic changes.

Dar al-Islam

A term referring to the territories where Islamic law prevails, encompassing regions where Muslims can practice their faith freely and where Islam serves as the dominant cultural and religious influence.

Filial Piety

A Confucian virtue emphasizing respect and care for one's parents and ancestors, central to family loyalty and societal harmony.

Silk Roads

Ancient trade routes connecting East and West, facilitating cultural, commercial, and technological exchanges.

Indian Ocean Trade

A network of maritime routes that linked various cultures and economies across the Indian Ocean, promoting the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies among regions such as East Africa, the Middle East, and Asia.

Columbian Exchange

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages in the late 15th century.

95 Theses

A list of propositions for debate that criticized the Catholic Church's practices, particularly the sale of indulgences, written by Martin Luther in 1517.

Bhakti Movement

A spiritual and devotional movement in India emphasizing personal devotion to a deity, transcending traditional caste and ritual boundaries, prevalent from the 15th to 17th centuries.

Sufism

A mystical Islamic belief system that seeks a personal experience of God through rituals, poetry, and meditation, emphasizing love and devotion.

Ivan the Terrible

The first Tsar of Russia, ruling from 1547 to 1584, known for his tyrannical rule and the centralization of power, as well as his expansion of Russian territories.

British Virginia Company

A joint-stock company established in 1606 to create settlements in the New World, notably Jamestown, and promote trade.

Serfdom

A system of forced labor in which peasants are tied to the land they work on, prevalent in medieval and early modern Europe.

Steam Engine

An invention that facilitated the Industrial Revolution by converting heat energy into mechanical work, transforming transportation and manufacturing.

Charles Darwin

A naturalist known for developing the theory of evolution through natural selection, published in his book "On the Origin of Species" in 1859.

Adam Smith

A philosopher and economist known as the father of modern economics, he wrote "The Wealth of Nations" in 1776, advocating for free markets and the division of labor.

Karl Marx

A philosopher and economist known for his critiques of capitalism and his theories of socialism and communism, particularly outlined in "The Communist Manifesto" and "Das Kapital."

Social Darwinism

Social theory that applies Darwin's ideas of natural selection to society, suggesting that social progress occurs through the survival of the fittest.

Meiji Restoration

A significant political and social revolution in Japan that restored imperial rule in 1868, leading to rapid modernization and industrialization.

Chinese Exclusion Act

A law enacted in 1882 that prohibited Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States, reflecting racial discrimination and economic tensions.

Spheres of Influence

Regions where foreign powers hold exclusive rights and privileges, often involving trade and territorial control.

Nationalism

A political ideology that emphasizes loyalty and devotion to a nation, often fostering a sense of shared identity and cultural unity among its citizens.

Paris Peace Conference

A series of meetings held in 1919 after World War I, where the Allied powers negotiated peace treaties and established new national boundaries.

The Holocaust

The systematic extermination of six million Jews and millions of others by Nazi Germany during World War II.