Period 7(2) 1920s-New Deal

Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

Harlem Renaissance

The largest African-American community developed-concentration of talented actors, artists, musicians, and writers' promising artistic achievement

Scopes Trial

American Civil Liberties Union convinced TN bio teacher John Scopes to teach evolution-arrested and brought to trial in 1925, Scopes and Clarence Darrow vs. William Jennings Bryan (representing Fundamentalists), convicted yet later overturned on a technicality

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Two Italian immigrants convicted in a Massachusetts court of robbery and murder, liberals claimed they were innocent men being discriminated against, executed in 1927

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Treaty that renounced the aggressive use of force to achieve national ends, failed (ineffective) because it allowed defensive wars and didn't provide a way to take action against violators

Dawes Plan (1924)

established a cycle of payments from the US to Germany to the Allies by US loaning Germany money to rebuild its economy and pay back Great Britain and France and Great Britain and France would use their reparations from Germany to pay back the US, collapsed with 1929 crash because US could no longer loan money, unpaid debts led to European resentment of US greed and a reason for US to be isolationist in the 1930s

Black Tuesday

On October 29, 1929, millions of panicky investors sold, as the bottom fell out of the stock market.

buying on margin

This purchase method allowed people to borrow most of the cost of the stock, making down payments as low as 10 percent. Investors depended on the price of the stock increasing so they could repay their loans.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

In June 1930, President Hoover signed into law the highest tariff rates in history, ranging from 31 to 49 percent. In retaliation, European countries enacted their own tariffs. This reduced trade for all nations and worsened the worldwide depression.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

In 1932, Congress funded this government-owned corporation as a measure for propping up faltering railroads, banks, life insurance companies, and other financial institutions. President Hoover thought that emergency loans would stabilize key business and the benefits would "trickle down" to smaller businesses and ultimately bring recovery.

Bonus March

Thousands of unemployed World War I veterans marched to Washington, D.C. and set up encampments to demand immediately payment of the bonuses promised to them at a later date. The Army, led by General Douglas MacArthur broke up the encampment.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

This agency guaranteed individual bank deposits.

Tennessee Valley Authority

A government corporation that hired thousands of people in the Tennessee Valley, to build dams, operate electric power plants, control flooding, and erosion, and manufacture fertilizer.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

This agency was created to regulate the stock market and to place strict limits on the kind of speculative practices that led to the 1929 stock crash.

Works Progress Administration

This agency created in 1935, part of the Second New Deal, it was much more ambitious than earlier efforts. Between 1935 and 1940 up to 8.5 million people were hired to construct bridges, roads, airports, and public buildings. Artists, writers, actors, and photographers were also employed.

Wagner Act

A 1935 act that guaranteed a worker's right to join a union and a union's right to bargain collectively. It outlawed business practices that were unfair to labor.

Social Security Act

In 1935, this act created a federal insurance program based on the automatic collection of taxes from employees and employers throughout people's working careers. Monthly payments would be made to retired people over the age of 65.

Indian Reorganization Act

In 1934 Congress repealed the Dawes Act of 1887 and replaced it with this act which returned lands to the control of tribes and supported preservation of Indian cultures.

Quota Acts of 1921

Restricted the number of immigrants (Eastern & Southern Europe) annually to 3% of the number of residents from that same country living in the United States as of the U.S. Census of 1910.

Volstead Act (1919)

enforced the 18th amendment, which banned the sale of alcohol, led to this act.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

New Deal program that hired unemployed young men (18-24) to work on natural conservation projects (trees, soil erosion)

National Industrial Recovery Administration (NRA)

New Deal agency that promoted economic recovery by regulating production, prices, and wages; over-turned by Supreme Ct

Agriculture Adjustment Act

this act involved the government paying farmers not to plant crops or graze livestock on pasture land in order to regulate agriculture; over-turned by SC

Butler v. U.S.

killed the AAA, although FDR insisted on continuing by creating smaller state-level AAAs

Schechter Poultry v. U.S.

NIRA is unconstitutional bc it attempts to control state laws for businesses; aka sick chicken case

Court Packing Plan

President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges

Keyensian Economics

a form of demand-side economics that encourages government action to increase or decrease demand and output (deficit spending) (priming the pump)

Dr. Francis Townsend

Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month.

Huey Long

"Kingfish" Rep. senator of LA; pushed "Share Our Wealth" program and make "Every Man a King' at the expense of the wealthy; assassinated

Criticisms of ND from the left

Said New Deal was not doing enough Huey Long (share our wealth); Father Charles Coughlin (wants guaranteed income); Dr. Francis Townsend (pension plan for elderly

Criticisms of New Deal by Conservatives

trying to block legislation to limit the scope of it; said government was becoming a welfare state

Native Americans and the New Deal

Indian Reorganization Act reversed Dawes Act

Black Americans and New Deal

FDR did nothing to end segregation, lynching or poll taxes, Blacks were paid less than whites…so why did they switch to the Democratic party..Eleanor (informal black cabinet)

Women and New Deal

Women received smaller percent of jobs created by the New Deal programs than men. Frances Perkins (1st female cabinet member)

Impacts of New Deal

did not end depression (WW II did); Reforms are still around today (SEC, SS, FDIC); political realignment of Black Americans, farmers, urban whites