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what is the term for bacteria able to grow in minimal medium
prototroph
what is the term for bacteria not able to grow in minimal medium
auxotroph
what is a dilution technique that utilizes subsequent dilution steps with a fixed dilution factor
serial dilution
what does serial dilution aid with
determination of the number of bacterial colonies or number of bacteriophage colonies
what type of gene transfer deals with generations of same species
vertical gene transfer
this type of gene transfer deals with unrelated cells
horizontal gene transfer
what are superbugs
harmful bacteria and fungi that have acquired antimicrobial resistance
MRSA
methicillin resitant staphylococcus aureus
what is conjugation
a process by which genetic information from one bacterium is transferred to and recombined with that of another bacterium due to the presence of fertility factor in the f bacterium
what are plasmids
autonomous structures consisting of circular double stranded DNA molecules located in the cytoplasm of bacteria
what type of plasmids confer antibiotic resistance
R plasmids
what do R plasmids contain
resistance transfer factors and resistance determinants
what is bacterial transormation
horizontal gene transfer where some bacteria take up foreign genetic material (naked DNA) from the environment
what are bacteriophages
viruses that have bacteria as their hosts
what are the first two steps of bacteriophage attack on bacterium
landing and pinning
what are the last two steps of bacteriophage attack on bacterium
membrane penetration and DNA or RNA injection
what is the lytic life cycle of bacteriophages
leads to the destruction of the host bacterium when the bacterial cell bursts and new phages are released
what is the lysogenic life cycle of bacteria
leads to the integration of phage DNA into the bacterial chromosome
CRISPR and cas proteins are what
elements of the acquired immune system in archaea and bacteria
in transduction, what happens
phages assist gene transfer by packaging and carrying bacterial chromosomal DNA into a newly infected bacterial cell
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