Exam 2 Review - Urinary/Renal, Respiratory, and GI

Flashcards summarizing key concepts and details from the lecture notes on Urinary/Renal, Respiratory, and GI topics for Exam 2 review.

What are the age-related urinary/renal changes that occur by age 60?

Gradual decline in kidney function, decreased GFR, reduced bladder capacity, decreased muscle support.

What is Epoetin Alfa (Epogen) used for?

It is a synthetic version of erythropoietin, used in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) to stimulate red blood cell production.

What is a UTI and what are the differences between upper and lower UTIs?

A UTI is an infection in the urinary tract, usually caused by E. coli. Upper UTIs may cause fever and flank pain, while lower UTIs present as urgency, dysuria, and confusion in older adults.

What are the symptoms of pyelonephritis?

Symptoms include fever, chills, malaise, fatigue, tachycardia, flank pain, and CVA tenderness.

How can catheter infections be prevented?

Encourage fluids, maintain proper hygiene, prevent fecal contamination, keep the catheter sterile, and ensure the collection container is below the bladder level.

What is cystitis and how is it managed?

Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder; management includes antibiotics, hydration, avoiding irritants, and frequent urination.

How do you obtain a clean catch urine specimen?

Wipe, start urination, then pass the cup into the stream, and close the container.

What is the purpose of peritoneal dialysis?

To remove waste products, excess fluid, and maintain electrolyte balance by instilling dialysate solution into the peritoneal cavity.

What are the complications associated with hemodialysis?

Monitor for hypotension, signs of infection, and monitor RBC levels due to potential hemorrhage.

What is dialysis disequilibrium syndrome?

A neurological complication of dialysis that occurs due to rapid removal of urea, leading to cerebral edema.

What is glomerulonephritis and what are its risks?

Inflammation of the glomeruli, leading to decreased GFR. Risks include recurrent UTIs, strep infection, nephrotoxic medications, and systemic diseases.

What dietary modifications are suggested for patients with renal failure?

Manage potassium intake, using potassium-eliminating medications and a low potassium diet.

What is the difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia?

Hypoxia is decreased oxygen in tissues; hypoxemia is decreased oxygen in blood.

What are the different oxygen therapy devices and their uses?

Nasal cannula for long-term therapy; simple mask for emergencies; partial rebreather for increased O2; non-rebreather for highest concentration; and Venturi mask for precise delivery.

What are the signs and symptoms of COPD?

Coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, clubbing of fingers, low O2 saturation, barrel chest, and tripod breathing.

What is the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease?

Erosion of mucosa in the stomach and duodenum, often caused by H. pylori infection or chronic NSAID use.

What are the common treatments for GERD?

Antacids, H2-receptor antagonists, PPIs, avoiding irritating foods, and lifestyle modifications.

What is dumping syndrome, and how should it be managed?

Occurs when the stomach empties too quickly into the duodenum; it is managed with high-protein, high-fiber diets, and small frequent meals.