A political entity with sovereignty over a particular territory and population, recognized by other states.
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Cross-cutting cleavage
Divisions within society that are not aligned along a single characteristic or identity, reducing the potential for conflict and promoting compromise and moderation.
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Coinciding cleavage
Divisions within society that align along a single characteristic or identity, increasing the potential for conflict and polarization.
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Bicameral
A legislature consisting of two separate chambers or houses.
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Devolution
The transfer of power and resources from a central government to subnational or local authorities.
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Command economy
An economic system in which the government controls all aspects of production and distribution of goods and services.
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Proportional representation
An electoral system in which seats in the legislature are allocated based on the proportion of votes received by each political party.
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Globalization
The process of increasing interconnectedness and interdependence among people, businesses, and countries around the world.
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Developing countries
Countries with lower levels of economic development, often characterized by poverty and a reliance on primary sector activities.
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HDI
a **composite** measure of life expectancy, education, and per capita income used to rank countries' levels of development.
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Correlation
A statistical relationship between two variables that shows how they are related, but does not necessarily indicate causation.
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Under-developed countries
Countries with extremely low levels of economic development and high levels of poverty.
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Gini Index
A measure of income inequality within a society, ranging from 0 (perfect equality) to 100 (perfect inequality).
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Per capita GDP
A measure of a country's economic output per person, calculated by dividing the total GDP by the population.
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Economic Liberalism
An ideology advocating for minimal government intervention in the economy, allowing for free markets and private enterprise to drive economic growth.
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GDP
a measure of a country's economic output in terms of the total value of goods and services produced within its borders.
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Traditional legitimacy
A type of legitimacy based on long-standing customs and traditions that have been accepted by society.
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Revolution
A sudden and dramatic overthrow of a government or social order, often involving violence or mass mobilization.
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Political culture
The shared values, beliefs, and attitudes that shape a society's political system and its citizens' behavior within that system.
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Institutions
The formal and informal rules, norms, and procedures that structure political behavior and decision-making within a society.
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Regime
The fundamental rules and norms that govern political behavior within a society, including the type of government and the distribution of power.
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Causation
A relationship between two variables in which one variable causes or influences the other.
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Market economy
An economic system in which prices, production, and distribution are determined by supply and demand in a free market, without significant government intervention.
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Referendum
A direct vote by the people on a specific issue or policy proposal.
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Judicial review
The power of a court to review and possibly declare unconstitutional actions taken by the executive or legislative branches of government.
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Structural Adjustment Program/austerity measures
Economic policies designed to address a country's economic problems by reducing government spending, increasing taxes, and promoting economic liberalization.
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Civil society/pluralism
The array of organizations, associations, and groups outside of the government that operate within a society, promoting diverse viewpoints and interests.
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Grassroots movement
A social or political movement that arises from the bottom up, often driven by ordinary citizens or local organizations rather than established elites or political parties.
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Civil liberties
Basic individual rights and freedoms that are protected from government infringement, including freedom of speech, religion, and assembly.
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Civil rights
Legal protections that guarantee equal treatment under the law, regardless of race, gender, or other characteristics.
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Normative Statement
A statement that expresses a value judgment or an opinion about what ought to be, rather than what is.
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Empirical Statement
A statement that describes what is, based on objective observations and evidence, without expressing any value judgments or opinions.
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Hybrid Regime
A political system that exhibits elements of both democratic and authoritarian rule, combining features of both to create a unique form of governance.
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**Nation**
A group of people who share a common culture, language, history, and often a shared sense of identity and belonging.
Studied by 27 people
