Gramatyka opisowa

What is the role of the velum in speech production?

The velum, or soft palate, plays a role in directing the airflow during speech production. When the velum is raised, it prevents air from entering the nasal cavity, resulting in oral sounds. When the velum is lowered, the entire airstream passes through the nose, producing nasal sounds.

What are the different places of articulation in speech production?

There are several places of articulation in speech production, including bilabial (the lips are brought together), labiodental (the lower lip is raised against the upper teeth), dental (the tip of the tongue is raised against the upper teeth or inserted between the teeth), alveolar (the tip of the tongue is raised against the alveolar ridge), palato-alveolar (the front of the tongue is raised towards the back of the alveolar ridge and the front of the palate), and palatal (the front of the tongue is raised towards the palate).

What is a pulmonic egressive airstream?

This is the airstream that moves out of the lungs up to the trachea

What is the glottis ?

Glottis is the gap between the vocal folds, through which the air passes up.

Type of glottis

1. closed glottis (glottal stop)

2. narrow glottis (voiced sounds)

3. spread glottis (voiceless sounds)

What is the oro-nasal process?

It is the process, where the air stream can go either into the nasal cavity or oral cavity

By what is done the oro-nasal process?

by velum (podniebienie miękkie)

Types of the velum in the oro-nasal process:

1. raised velum - the air emerges through the oral cavity - making ORAL SOUNDS

2. lowered velum - the air passes through the nose cavity - making NASAL SOUNDS

To distinguish sounds we need 3 things

1. place of articulation

2. manner of articulation

3. voice specification (voiced/voiceless)

Types of manner of articulation

1. stops (complete closure of the oral cavity)

2. sonorants (voiced)

3. obstruents (voiceless/ voiced)

[p]

plosives, voiceless, bilabial

[t]

plosives, voiceless, alveolar

[k]

plosives, voiceless, velar

[b]

plosives, voiced, bilabial

[d]

plosives, voiced, alveolar

[g]

plosives, voiced, velar

[ʔ]

voiceless, glottal

[s]

fricatives, voiceless, alveolar

[ʃ]

fricatives, voiceless, palato-alveolar

[f]

fricatives, voiceless, labio-dental

[θ]

fricatives, voiceless, (inter)-dental

[h]

fricatives, voiceless, glottal

[z]

fricatives, voiced, alveolar

[v]

fricatives, voiced, labio-dental

[ʒ]

fricatives, voiced, palato-alveolar

[ð]

fricatives, voiced, (inter)- dental

[tʃ]

affricatives, palato-alveolar

[dʒ]

affricatives, palato-alveolar

OBSTRUENTS that is:

1. plosives

2. fricatives

3. affricatives

[m]

nasals, voiced, bilabial

[n]

nasals,voiced, alveolar

[ŋ]

nasals, voiced, velar

[l]

liquids, voiced, alveolar

[r]

liquids, voiced, post-alveolar

[j]

glides, voiced, palatal

[w]

glides, voiced, labio-velar

What is the allophones?

The allophones are different pronunciations of a phoneme in a particular language. They can vary but they don't change meaning of the word.

What is the minimal pair?

The minimal pairs are pairs of words that differ by only one phoneme. Example: ship

What is the Phonemic transcription?

The Phonemic transcription represents the abstract sound structure of words, indicating the phonemes.

Just normal transcription without any additional processes

What is the phonetic transcription?

Transcription provides a detailed representation of actual speech, sounds.

Transcription with processes like aspiration etc.

What are diactricts?

These are symbols used in linguistic transcription to indicate specific process.

What is the broad phonetic transcription?

Transcription represents general phonetic features.

e.g. bike /baik/

What is the narrow phonetic transcription?

The narrow transcription provides more detailed representation often including diacritics.

What is the quality vs. quantity

The quality refers to the distinctive features of a sound e.g voicing, while quantity refers to the duration or length of a sound

What is the suprasegmental phonology?

Suprasegmental features are aspects of speech that extend beyond individual speech sounds, such as intonation, stress, and rhythm.

What is the phoneme?

This is the abstract mental representation of a sound in a language. It is the smallest unit of sound that can change the meaning of a word.

e.g /p/ and /b/

What is the phone?

This is the actual physical sounds produced in speech. They are concrete, measurable sounds that we produce when we speak.

What is the Redundant Information

The term is used to describe aspects of sound that don't have a meaning in language. For example difference between p aspirated and not

what is the relevant information?

This refers to the aspects of a sound that are meaningful in a particular language. e.g difference between p and b

What is the rhythm?

It states that the time from each stressed syllable to the next tend to be the same. Irrespective of the number of intervening unstressed syllables.

What is the assimilation?

It is the change in sound of one word caused by the neighbouring word.

What is the elision?

It occurs when under certain circumstances sounds disappear.