EMS CH. 7 Anatomy and Physiology

edema

swelling of the tissues caused by excess fluid leaking

abdominal quadrants

Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

abduction

movement away from the midline

acetabulum

Pelvic socket which fits the rounded top of the femur head

acromion

tip of the shoulder girdle (formed by clavicle and scapula). Muscles of the shoulder girdle help attach arms to the trunk and extend from it to the arms, thorax, neck and head

adduction

movement toward the midline

aerobic metabolism

The cellular process in which oxygen is used to metabolize glucose. Energy is produced in an efficient manner with minimal waste products.

agonal respirations

Occasional gasping breaths that may be seen just before death

airway

The passageway for air from its entry into the body to the lungs (and outward from the lungs)

alveoli

tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles

anaerobic metabolism

The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the principle product is lactic acid.

anatomical planes

Imaginary divisions of the body

anatomical position

To stand erect, facing forward, with arms down at the sides and palms forward

anatomy

the study of the structure of the body and the relationship of its parts to each other

anterior plane

the patient's front

anterior

toward the front

aorta

largest artery; supply all other arteries with blood

aortic valve

valve at the base of the aortic artery in the left ventricle

arteriole

smallest kind of artery that carry blood from arteries into capillaries

artery

carries blood away from the heart

aspiration

when liquid, food, blood, vomit or any other substance moves past the epiglottis and into the larynx, trachea, and alveoli

atria

upper chambers of the heart that receive blood from the veins. Right atrium: oxygen depleted blood from veins Left atrium: oxygen rich blood from pulmonary veins (lungs)

automaticity

it can generate an impulse on its own, even when disconnected from the central nervous system

ball-and-socket joint

joint that permits the widest range of motion. Ex: joints at the shoulders and hips

bicuspid valve

mitral valve; valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle

bilateral

refers to both left and right; on both sides

blood pressure

the force exerted by the blood on the interior walls of the arteries

brachial arteries

the major artery of the upper arm; used when determining blood pressure and when assessing a pulse in an infant

brainstem

the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions

bronchi

two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs.

bronchioles

smallest branches of the bronchi

calcaneus

heel bone; largest of the tarsal bones; make up the proximal portion of the foot

capillary

tiny blood vessel that allows for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste at the cellular level

carotid arteries

arteries that supply the brain and head with blood

cardiac muscle

involuntary muscle found only in the walls of the heart. Has automaticity.

carpals

8 bones that form the wrist

central nervous system

consists of the brain and the spinal cord

cerebellum

"small brain"

posterior and inferior aspect of cranium

coordinates muscle activity + maintains balance

cerebrum

the outermost portion of the brain. Controls certain body functions: sensation, thought, speech, and associative memory.

initiates and manages motions that are under the conscious control of the individual

cervical spine

C1-C7 (neck) most prone to injury

circulatory system

closed system consisting of the heart, blood vessels and blood that transports blood to all parts of the body

circumduction

combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction with the shoulder joint

clavicle

collarbone

coccyx

tailbone. 4 fused vertebrae

conchae

3 bony ridges located on sides of the nasal cavity

condyloid joint

joint that permits limited motion in 2 directions. Ex: wrist - allows the hand to move up and down and to each side, but not rotate completely.

coronal plane

Frontal plane

coronary arteries

arteries that supply the heart itself with blood

cranium

forms the top, back, and sides of the skull plus the forehead. Outer layer is thick and tough, inner layer is thinner and more brittle.

cricoid cartilege

most inferior cartilage in the larynx. connects with the trachea. only cartilage that forms a complete circumferential ring

dermis

second layer of skin; gives skin its elasticity and strength

diaphragm

powerful, dome-shaped muscle essential to breathing; separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

diastolic blood pressure

the pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle is at rest; the bottom number of a blood pressure reading

digestion

2 processes to break down food: mechanical and chemical

Mechanical

• chewing, swallowing, peristalsis (movement of matter through digestive tract), defecation (elimination of waste)

Chemical

• enzymes break down foods into simple components that can be absorbed. Carbs -> glucose Fats -> fatty acids Proteins -> amino acids

digestive system

system that breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

distal

distant, far from the point of reference

dorsal

toward the back or spine

dorsalis pedis arteries

the artery in the foot that can be felt on the top of the foot

endocrine system

The system of glands that produce endocrine secretions that help to control bodily metabolic activity. How people think, act, and feel depends largely on these secretions

epidermis

outermost layer of skin

epiglottis

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.

esophagus

extension

straightening away from the body or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body

extremities

limbs of the body - arms and legs

face

are between brow and chin. Has 14 bones, 13 of which are immovable and interlocking.

false vocal cords

superior to the vocal folds; play no part in sound production

femoral arteries

arteries that supply the groin and leg with blood

femur

thigh bone

fibula

smaller lower leg bone. attached to the tibia at the top and located at the lateral side of the leg, parallel to the tibia.

flexion

bending toward the body or decreasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body

Fowler's position

The patient is lying on his back with his upper-body elevated at a 45º-60º angle

frontal plane

divides the body into front and back halves

gliding joint

joint where one bone slides across another to the point where surrounding structures restrict the motion. Ex: small bones in hands and feet

glottic opening

space between the true vocal cords

glottis

space between the true vocal folds

heart

chambered muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body

hinged joint

Permit flexion and extension Ex: elbow, knee, finger

horizontal plane

transverse plane

humerus

proximal part of the arm; largest bone in the upper extremity. Forms a ball-and- socket joint with the shoulder blade

hydrostatic pressure

a pressure due to the force exerted on the inside of the vessel walls because of the blood pressure and volume

hypoperfusion

shock; insufficient supply of oxygen and other nutrients to some of the body's cells and inadequate elimination of CO2 and other wastes.

A state of profound depression of the vital processes of the body

hypopharynx

laryngopharynx

iliac crest

wings of the pelvis

inferior

toward the feet or below the point of reference

inferior plane

below the waist

integumentary system

System that consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail.

Functions:

• protect the body from the environment

• regulate the temp. of the body

• serve as a receptor for heat, cold, touch, pain and pressure

• aid in the regulation of H2O and electrolytes

intercostal muscle

the muscles between the ribs; contract to let air into the lungs, relax to let air flow out of the lungs

involuntary muscle

ischium

posterior and inferior portion of the pelvis

joint

the place where on bone connects to another

laryngopharynx

portion of the pharynx that extends from the hyoid bone at the base of the tongue to the openings of the esophagus and larynx. Guides air into trachea and food into esophagus

larynx

voice box; anterior portion of the throat. made of a cartilage that hardens as a person ages

lateral

refers to the left or right of the midline

lateral malleolus

knobby surface landmark of the ankle joint

lateral recumbent position

recovery position

left

ligaments

connect bone to bone

lumbar spine

L1-L5 (lower back) least mobile of the vertebrae

lungs

two large lobed organs that house thousands of tiny alveolar sacs responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

mandible

lower jaw. Moves freely on hinge joints. Largest and strongest bone of the face