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Federal bureaucracy
The departments and agencies within the executive branch that carry out the laws of the nation
Bureaucrat
An official employed within a government bureaucracy
Political patronage
Filling of administrative positions as a reward for support, rather than solely on merit
Pendelton Act
An act of Congress that created the first United States Civil Service Commission to draw up and enforce rules on hiring, promotion, and tenure of office within the civil service (also known as Civil Service Reform Act of 1883)
Federal civil service
The merit-based bureaucracy, excluding the armed forces and political appointments
Merit system
A system of hiring and promotion based on competitive testing results, education, and other qualifications rather than politics and personal connections
Iron triangle
Coordinated and mutually beneficial activities of the bureaucracy, Congress, and interest groups to achieve shared policy goals
Issue network
Webs of influence between interest groups, policymakers, and policy advocates
Implementation
The bureaucracy's role in putting into action the laws that Congress has passed
Bureaucratic discretion
The power to decide how a law is implemented and, what Congress meant when it passed the law
Regulation
The process through which the federal bureaucracy makes rules that have the force of law, to carry out the laws passed by Congress
Bureaucratic adjudication
When the federal bureaucracy settles disputes between parties that arise over the implementation of federal laws or determines which individuals or groups are covered under a regulation or program
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