Psych 105 Chapter 13

Frustration Aggression Hypothesis

A psychological theory suggesting that frustration leads to aggressive behavior because individuals may lash out when their goals are blocked or thwarted.

Effects of Culture on Aggression

Cultural factors can significantly influence the expression and perception of aggressive behavior, including norms surrounding violence and acceptable ways to handle conflict. US has a higher murder rate compared to Canada.

Prisoner’s Dilemma Game

A standard example in game theory that demonstrates why two individuals might not cooperate, even if it appears that it is in their best interest. It highlights the conflict between individual and collective rationality.

Ultimatum Game

A behavioral economics experiment that illustrates how two players negotiate the division of a sum of money. One player proposes a split, and the other can accept or reject it, impacting both players' outcomes.

Group Polarization

The tendency for group members to move toward more extreme positions after group discussions, leading to increased consensus within the group.

Groupthink

A psychological phenomenon where the desire for harmony in a group leads to irrational or dysfunctional decision-making, often resulting in the suppression of dissenting viewpoints.

Reasons for Groups Underperforming

1. Deindividualism

2. Diffusion of Responsibility

3. Social Loafing and Bystander Intervention

Common Knowledge effect

The phenomenon where information known by several group members is given more weight during discussions, leading to the neglect of unique information held by individual members.

Altruism

The selfless concern for the well-being of others, often leading to helping behaviors without expectation of personal gain.

Canada’s Organ Donation Statistics

15 living donors per millionM

Mere Exposure Effect

The psychological phenomenon where repeated exposure to a stimulus increases an individual's preference for it. This effect suggests that familiarity can enhance liking.

Homophily

The tendency for individuals to associate and bond with similar others, often seen in social networks and relationships.

Err is Human

People prefer robots that make minor flaws, they value imperfection

Passionate vs Companionate love

Passionate love is characterized by intense feelings of attraction and sexual desire, while companionate love refers to deep emotional connection and commitment, often seen in long-term relationships.

Interdependence theory

Being happy in a relationship depends on cost benefit ratios

Category-based inferences

are judgments made about individuals based on the perceived characteristics of the groups they belong to. These inferences can influence perceptions and interactions in social contexts.

Target-based inferences

are judgments made about individuals based on specific information or experiences with that person, emphasizing unique traits rather than general group characteristics.

Behavioral confirmation

Individuals can act in ways that confirm existing stereotypes

Implicit Association Test

is a psychological assessment tool used to measure implicit biases and attitudes towards various social groups, assessing the speed of individuals' associations between concepts.

Stereotype threat

Anxiety about confirming negative stereotypes that impacts performance.

Perceptual Confirmation

The tendency for people to see what they expect to see in ambiguous stimuli, reinforcing pre-existing beliefs or stereotypes.

Subtyping

A cognitive process where individuals create a subcategory for a group to preserve the overall stereotype when encountering an individual who does not fit that stereotype.

Dispositional Attributions

Internal characteristics affecting behavior. These attributions assign the cause of behavior to the individual's traits, such as personality or motives, rather than external factors.

Situational Attributions

External factors influencing behavior.

Covariation Model

Theory suggesting that consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus in making attributions

Actor Observer Effect

refers to the tendency to attribute one's own actions to situational factors while attributing others' actions to their dispositions.

Common Causes of Misattributing

Situational factors aren’t as obvious, dispositional explanations are cognitively simpler to whoever is thinking about someone’s attributes.

Fundamental Attribution Error Strength

refers to the tendency to overemphasize dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors when explaining others' behavior.

Hedonic Motive

the desire to maximize pleasure and minimize pain, influencing behavior and motivation.

Approval Motive

the desire to be accepted and liked by others, often influencing social behavior and conformity.

Accuracy Motive

the drive to be correct and maintain a truthful understanding of the world, often influencing how people perceive information and others.

Norm of reciprocity

the social norm that suggests if someone does something for you, you then feel obligated to return the favor, influencing interpersonal relationships and social exchanges.

Normative Influence

a phenomenon where individuals conform to the expectations of others to gain acceptance or avoid rejection, impacting their attitudes and behaviors.

Door-in-the-face technique

A persuasion strategy where an initial large request is followed by a smaller, more reasonable request, making it more likely for the second request to be accepted.

Milgram’s Obedience Studies

A series of psychological experiments conducted by Stanley Milgram in the 1960s to investigate the extent to which individuals would obey authority figures, even when it involved delivering electric shocks to another person.

Asch’s Conformity Study

A famous experiment by Solomon Asch in the 1950s that demonstrated the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could influence a person to conform, even when the group's answers were clearly incorrect. Lines were used to test participants' conformity to incorrect answers given by others in a group setting.

Attitudes vs Belief

Attitudes refer to an individual's evaluations or feelings about a particular object, person, or issue, while beliefs are the convictions or acceptance that something exists or is true, often based on personal experiences or knowledge.

Informational Influence

When another person’s behavior provides info about what is correct or right.

Central Route Persuasion

A method of persuasion that uses logical arguments and factual evidence to influence people's attitudes. It is effective when individuals are motivated and able to process the information.

Peripheral Route Persuasion

A method of persuasion that relies on superficial cues, such as attractiveness or credibility of the source, rather than the strength of the arguments presented.

Foot in the Door technique

A persuasion strategy that starts with a small request to gain eventual compliance with a larger request. This technique exploits the psychological principle of commitment.