03-Intelligence and Language Acquisition

These flashcards cover key concepts, theories, and findings related to intelligence, language acquisition, and problem-solving as outlined in the lecture notes.

Who launched modern intelligence testing in 1905?

Binet launched modern intelligence testing.

What did Terman revise to create the Stanford-Binet test?

Terman revised the Binet scale.

What year was the Stanford-Binet test created?

1916.

What is the intelligence quotient (IQ)?

A score derived from standardized tests designed to measure human intelligence.

What did Wechsler publish in 1939?

An improved measure of intelligence for adults.

What does the deviation IQ score relate to?

It is based on the normal distribution.

How reliable are intelligence tests?

They tend to have very high reliability.

Do IQ tests effectively measure social intelligence?

No, they do not measure social or practical intelligence.

What correlation exists between IQ scores and occupational attainment?

IQ scores are correlated with occupational attainment.

Are IQ tests widely used in non-Western cultures?

No, they are not widely used.

What do twin studies indicate about intelligence?

Identical twins are more similar in intelligence than fraternal twins.

What are the limitations of heritability ratios?

They provide an estimate of genetic influence but do not account for environmental factors.

What does the heritability ratio estimate?

The proportion of trait variability determined by genetic variations.

What is the estimated heritability of intelligence?

Ranges from 40% to 80%, mostly around 50%.

How do adoption studies contribute to understanding intelligence?

They show adopted children resemble biological parents in intelligence.

What impact does environmental deprivation have on IQ scores?

It can negatively affect children's IQ scores.

What is the Flynn effect?

Performance on IQ tests has steadily increased over generations.

What model explains the interaction of heredity and environment?

The reaction range model.

What is cultural difference in IQ scores often attributed to?

Socioeconomic disadvantage.

What correlation has recent research found related to IQ?

Positive correlations with overall brain volume.

How does childhood IQ relate to later life?

It correlates with longevity.

What are the three facets of successful intelligence according to Sternberg?

Analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

How does Gardner's theory expand the concept of intelligence?

By proposing eight independent types of abilities.

What is the relationship between creativity and intelligence?

The association is weak; creative geniuses may be vulnerable to disorders.

What is the gambler's fallacy?

The belief that the odds of a chance event increase if it hasn't occurred recently.

What heuristic leads to overestimation of media-covered improbable events?

The availability heuristic.

What is a primary view of language acquisition according to behaviorists?

Children acquire language through imitation and reinforcement.

What do nativists believe about language acquisition?

Humans are neurologically prewired to acquire language rules.

What does the interactionist theory say about language development?

It involves both innate predisposition and supportive environment.

Is there evidence that bilingualism slows language development?

No, there is little empirical support for that belief.

What advantages do bilinguals have despite slight processing speed handicap?

Advantages in attention, cognitive flexibility, and cognitive reserve.

What does the linguistic relativity hypothesis state?

Language shapes the nature of thought processes.

Have studies provided increased support for the linguistic relativity hypothesis?

Yes, empirical support has increased considerably.

What are the types of problems identified by Greeno?

Inducing structure, arrangement, and transformation.

What is functional fixedness?

The tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use.

What is a mental set in problem solving?

Persisting in using previously successful strategies that are no longer optimal.

What is Simon's theory of bounded rationality?

People use simple decision strategies that yield seemingly irrational results.

What phenomenon can result from choice overload according to Schwartz?

Rumination, regret, and diminished well-being.

What is the effect of taking breaks on problem-solving efforts?

It can enhance problem-solving efforts.

What is a heuristic in problem solving?

A mental shortcut or rule of thumb used in decision-making.

What are intermediate subgoals used for in problem solving?

To facilitate progress toward a solution.

What is the effect of changing the representation of a problem?

It can help when progress is stalled.

What cognitive styles are observed between Eastern and Western cultures?

Eastern cultures exhibit a holistic style; Western cultures show analytical style.

What is the availability heuristic?

Estimating probabilities based on how easily relevant instances come to mind.

What is the representative heuristic?

Basing probability estimates on similarity to a typical prototype.

What cognitive error involves ignoring base rates in probability estimation?

Representativeness heuristic influence.

What is the conjunction fallacy?

Estimating greater odds of two uncertain events happening together than separately.

What do evolutionary psychologists say about human decision-making?

Humans may appear irrational due to modern research questions unrelated to adaptive problems.

How does Gigerenzer describe the heuristics people depend on?

Fast and frugal heuristics that are simpler than complex inferential processes.

What do dual-process theories propose about human thinking?

People use both quick intuitive and slower controlled thinking.

What is a common strategy in problem solving?

Trial and error.

What impact does altering circumstances have on children's IQ?

Children's IQ scores can change.

What kind of intelligence does Sternberg's theory encompass?

Cognitive perspective emphasizes intelligence use.

What should the concept of intelligence encompass according to Gardner?

A diverse set of eight independent abilities.

What has research suggested about the relationship between creativity and intelligence?

It's weak, with creative individuals often facing vulnerabilities.

What do studies indicate about the influence of environment on intelligence?

They show interaction between heredity and environment.

What role does socioeconomic status play in IQ differences?

It may contribute to cultural differences in IQ.

What might taking a break from a problem assist in?

Enhancing problem-solving efforts.

What is the importance of identifying analogies in problem-solving?

They can help reveal solutions.