chapter 1: nomenclature

What are anhydrides formed from?

Two carboxylic acids by dehydration.

Name the types of anhydrides.

Symmetric, Asymmetric, Cyclic

How are anhydrides named?

Using the suffix 'anhydride' in place of 'acid'.

When naming an anhydride formed from multiple acids, how are they ordered?

Both acids are named in alphabetical order before the word 'anhydride'.

List the priority order of functional groups.

Carboxylic acid, Anhydride, Ester, Amide, Aldehyde, Ketone, Alcohol, Alkene or alkyne, Alkane

What functional group has the highest priority?

Carboxylic acid.

Which functional group is ranked just below carboxylic acid?

Anhydride.

What comes after anhydride in functional group priority?

Ester.

What functional group follows ester in priority?

Amide.

What are aldehydes and ketones characterized by?

Their functional groups and properties.

What is the functional group present in aldehydes and ketones?

A carbonyl group, which is a carbon double-bonded to oxygen.

How are aldehydes named?

With the suffix -al or the prefix oxo- if a higher-priority group is present.

What is the naming pattern for ketones?

Ketones are named with the suffix -one and prefix oxo- for higher-priority groups.

Identify the smallest ketone.

Acetone, with the IUPAC name propanone.

What carbon is adjacent to the carbonyl carbon called?

The alpha-carbon (a-carbon).

What makes carboxylic acids the highest-priority functional group?

They have three bonds to oxygen: one from a hydroxyl group and two from a carbonyl group.

How are carboxylic acids named?

Using the suffix -oic acid; rarely as a prefix.

Provide a common name for formic acid.

Methanoic acid.

What is the relationship between esters and carboxylic acids?

Esters are carboxylic acid derivatives where -OH is replaced with -OR (alkoxy group).

How are esters named?

Using the suffix -oate or prefix alkoxycarbonyl-.

What are amides?

Compounds where the hydroxyl group of a carboxylic acid is replaced by an amino group.

What suffix is used for naming amides?

The suffix -amide or prefixes carbamoyl- or amido-.

What notation denotes substituents on an amide nitrogen?

A capital N- indicates substituents attached to the amide nitrogen.

What are the four carbonyl-containing compounds discussed?

Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic acids, Derivatives

What distinguishes the position of the carbonyl group in ketones?

It is located on a nonterminal carbon.

Describe the format for common names of ketones.

Constructed by naming alkyl groups on either side alphabetically plus 'ketone'.

What is the first step in IUPAC naming conventions?

Find the longest carbon chain with the highest-priority functional group.

What is the purpose of numbering the carbon chain in IUPAC naming?

To ensure the highest-priority functional group has the lowest number.

What prefix is used for multiple identical substituents?

Di-, tri-, tetra-, etc.

How do substituents receive a number in IUPAC naming?

Based on the carbon to which they are bonded.

What is the final step in naming using IUPAC conventions?

Alphabetize the substituents; separate numbers with commas, words with hyphens.

Define alkanes in organic chemistry.

Hydrocarbons without double or triple bonds, general formula: (CnH{2n+2})

How are alkanes named?

By the number of carbons followed by the suffix -ane.

What defines alkenes?

They contain at least one double bond and are named with the suffix -ene.

How are alkynes distinguished?

They contain triple bonds and use the suffix -yne.

What characterizes alcohols?

They contain a hydroxyl (-OH) group which replaces hydrogen in hydrocarbons.

How are alcohols named?

By substituting the suffix -ol or using the prefix hydroxy-.

What is meant by diols?

Alcohols with two hydroxyl groups, termed geminal or vicinal.

What is the importance of functional groups in nomenclature?

They determine the priority in IUPAC naming conventions.

common name for methanal

formaldehyde

common name for ethanal

acetaldehyde

common name for propanal

propionaldehyde