Anatomy: Movements of Synovial Joints (Ch. 9)

flexion

WHAT is a movement that decreases a joint angle, usually in the sagittal plane. This is particularly common at hinge joints- ex.) bending of the elbow or knee

extension

A movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position- ex.) straightening the elbow, wrist, or knee, or returning the arm or thigh back to zero position.

hyperextension

Further extension of a joint beyond the zero position is called WHAT. Ex.) if you hold your hand in front of you with your palm down, then raise the back of your hand as if you were admiring a new ring, you WHAT the wrist.

abduction

WHAT is the movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body- ex.) moving the feet apart to stand spread-legged, or raising an arm to one side of the body

adduction

WHAT is the movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline.

hyperadducted

Some joints can be WHAT, as when you stand with your ankles crossed, cross your fingers.

protraction

WHAT is the anterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane

retraction

WHAT is posterior movement. Your shoulder WHA when you reach in front of you to push a door open. It retracts when you return it to resting (zero) position or pull the shoulders back to stand at military attention.

circumduction

WHAWT one end of an appendage remains fairly stationary while the other end makes a circular motion. Ex.) An artist draws a circle on a canvas, she WHAT the upper limb; the shoulder remains stationary while the hand moves in a circle.

rotation

WHAT is a movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis. Ex.) If you stand with bent elbow and move your forearm to place your palm against your abdomen, your humerus spins in a motion called medial rotation

medial rotation

If you stand with bent elbow and move your forearm to place your palm against your abdomen, your humerus spins in a motion called WHAT?

lateral rotation

If you make the opposite motion, so the forearm points away from your body, your humerus exhibits WHAT?

supination

WHAT of the forearm is a movement that turns the palm to face anteriorly or upward; in anatomical position, the forearm is supinated and the radius is parallel to the ulna.

pronation

WHAT is the opposite movement, causing the palm to face posteriorly or downward, and the radius to cross the ulna like an X.

flexion

WHAT of the vertebral column produces forward-bending movements, as in tilting the head forward or bending at the waist in the toe-touching exercise.

extension

WHAT of the vertebral column straightens the trunk or the neck, as in standing up or returning the head to a forward-looking (zero) position

hyperextension

WHAT is employed in looking up toward the sky or bending over backward.

lateral flexion

WHAT is tilting the head or trunk to the right or left of the midline.

right or left rotation

Twisting at the waist or turning of the head is called WHAT? when the chest or the face turns to the right or left of the forward-facing zero position

protract

In preparation to bite, we WHAT the mandible to bring the lower incisors forward.

retract

After the bite is taken, we WHAT?

depress

To actually take the bite, we must WHAT the mandible to open the mouth

elevate

The incisors can cut off the piece of food

lateral excursion

This entails a side-to-side movement of the mandible called WHAT? (movement to the left or right of the zero position)

medial excursion

movement back to the median, zero position in excursion

ulnar flexion

WHAT tilts the hand toward the little finger

radial flexion

WHAT tilts the hand toward the thumb

flexion

WHAT of the fingers is curling them

extension

WHAT of the fingers is straightening them

abduction

Spreading the fingers apart

adduction

Bringing the fingers together so they touch along their surfaces

flexion

WHAT of the thumb is bending the joints so the tip of the thumb is directed toward the palm

extension

WHAT is straightening the thumb

radial abduction

If you move your thumb away from the index finger so they form a 90 degree angle (but both are on the plane of the table top), the thumb movement is called WHAT?

palmar abduction

WHAT moves the thumb away from the plane of the hand so it points anteriorly, as you would do if you were about to wrap your hand around a tool handle

adduction

From either position- radial or palmar abduction- WHAT of the thumb means to bring it back to zero position, touching the base of the index finger.

opposition

WHAT means to move the thumb to touch the tip of any of the other four fingers

reposition

WHAT is the return to zero position

dorsiflexion

WHAT is a movement in which the toes are elevated, as one might do in applying toenail polish

plantar flexion

WHAT is movement of the foot so the toes point downward as in pressing the gas pedal of a car or standing on tip toes

inversion

WHAT is a foot movement that tips the soles medially, somewhat facing eachother

eversion

WHAT is a movement that tips the soles laterally, away from each other

pronation

WHAT of the foot is a combination of the dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction- that is the toes are elevated and turned away from the other foot and the sole is tilted away from the other foot

supination

WHAT of the foot is a combination of plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction- the toes are lowered and turned toward the other foot and the sole is tilted toward it.