Pesticides & Transgenic refined

By the time a new synthetic pesticide is first registered and brought to market, how much money does the company have invested in development and registration?

$300,000,000

List three examples of non-target EFFECTS and three examples of CAUSES of non-target effects of pesticides.

Examples: kills fish/wildlife, kills natural enemies (predators, pests), kills bees and other pollinators

Causes: Accidental spills, Pesticide drift, Improper application (wrong nozzle, wrong chemical)

The two most common insecticides found in bee colonies are coumaphos and fluvalinate. Why are they present?

These insecticides are present to control varroa mites

How many potential pesticides does Bayer screen each year (first year of development process) to eventually register one or two products.

250,000

Approximately how many years does it take to develop a pesticide from discovery to market launch?

10 to 12

The actual biochemical that is affected in a given process or pathway

Target site

Refers to the specific biochemical or physiological process (or processes) that are affected by a compound

Mode of action

Synthetic fungicides

Organic fungicides

Define "non-target effect" of a pesticide.

Non target effects are effects that lie outside the intended organsims or impacts of a pesticide. For example, this may be the application of neonicotinoids to a corn crop through powder and drift reaches a nearby honeybee hive and kills the honeybees.

List and explain/define 2 mechanisms of resistance that are common across entomology, plant pathology and weed science.

-Target site alterations. The target site of the target organism is altered to inhibit the binding of XYZ pesticide. This is common for all fields and is through single a genetic mutation.

-Metabolism. The target organism is able to uptake XYZ pesticide and produce a nontoxic molecule that they can process. It goes through a bunch of intermediate forms before being non-toxic usually.