Charles E. Sorensen
Met Henry Ford at the Detroit Foundry, and worked for him as a patternmaker leading to the Model T
Warren G. Harding
Handsome Ohio Republican presidential candidate, promised “normalcy”
“Less government in business and more
business in government.”
Wanted to cut taxes for the rich
Washington Disarmament Conference
President Harding invited several major powers to the Washington Naval Conference
Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes
Urged that no more warships be built for ten years
Suggested that the five major naval powers scrap their weapons
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Renounced war as a national policy but had no enforcement
Fordney-McCumber Tariff
Raised taxes on some U.S. imports to 60% which protected U.S. businesses, but made it impossible for Britain and France to sell enough
Charles G. Dawes
American banker that negotiated loans in Germany, which came to be known as the Dawes Plan
Dawes Plan
American investors loaned Germany $2.5 billion to pay back Britain and France with annual payments on a fixed scale.
Herbert Hoover
Secretary of commerce that did a masterful job of handling food distribution and refugee problems during World War I.
Andrew Mellon
One of the country’s wealthiest men, became secretary of the treasury and set about drastically cutting taxes and reducing the national debt.
Ohio gang
The president’s poker-playing cronies, who would soon cause a great deal of embarrassment.
Charles R. Forbes
Head of the Veterans Bureau that was caught illegally selling government and hospital supplies to private companies
Colonel Thomas W. Miller
Head of the Office of Alien Property that was caught taking a bribe
Teapot Dome scandal
Albert B. Fall managed to get the oil reserves transferred from the navy to the Interior Department then into two private oil companies for $400,000 in “loans, bonds, and cash.”
Coolidge’s Administration
Placed high tariffs on foreign imports
Reduced income taxes
Wages were rising, and so was productivity
Assembly-line
Raised the output of labor productivity by 45%
Route 66
Legendary road that provided a route for people trekking west from Chicago to California
The Holland Tunnel
The first underwater tunnel specifically for motor vehicles, opened in NYC and Jersey City
Car statistics by late 1920s
80% of all registered motor vehicles in the world were in the U.S
1 automobile for every five people
Will Rogers
“It will take a hundred years to tell whether you helped us or hurt us, but you certainly didn’t leave us where you found us.”
Pan American Airways
Inaugurated the first transatlantic passenger flights
The Vega
Lockheed Company’s single-engine plane
Average annual income
Increased by 35%
$522 to $705
Consumerism
Acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts
Clarence B and S
Clarence B developed a new freezer
Clarence S developed a new grocery store
Listerine advertisements
Convinced readers that without mouthwash a person ran the risk of having halitosis—bad breath
Average factory worker production
Average factory workers were producing 50% more
National income grew from $64 billion to $87 billion
Installment plan
Enabled people to buy goods over an extended period, without having to put down much money at the time of purchase
Irving Fajans
Department store sales clerk in New York that persuaded his workers to join the Department Store Employees Union
Communism
An economic and political system based on single-party government ruled by a dictatorship
Vladimir I. Lenin
Him and the Bolsheviks(the majority) established a new Communist state
U.S. Communist Party
70,000 radicals and some IWW members came together to form this group
Anarchists
People who opposed any form of government
Nicola Sacco
Shoemaker accused of murder/robbery, but no proof showed that he shot his gun
Bartolomeo Vanzetti
Fish seller accused of murder/robbery. definitely shot his shit up
Poet Edna St. Vincent Millay
Donated proceeds from her poem “Justice Denied in Massachusetts” in Sacco and Vanzetti’s defense
KKK
Destroyed saloons, opposed unions, and drove foreign-born people out of the country
Reached 4.5 million members
Immigration in the U.S.
Grown to 600%
141,000 - 805,000 immigrants
Emergency Quota Act of 1921
Established the maximum number of people who could enter the United States from each foreign
Limited European immigration to 2%, or 150,000 ppl per year
1 million Canadians and 500,000 Mexicans crossed the border
Indian Citizenship Act
Granted citizenship to about 125,000 native people, excluding natives born before 1924
U.S. Steel Corporation Strikes
300,000 workers walked off their jobs
Striking workers were beaten by police, federal troops, and state militias
Strikebreakers
Employees who agreed to work during the strike
John L. Lewis
Became Unionism’s new leader
Called Union members out on strike for miners
Miners received a 27% wage increase but not shorter workdays
Africans in Unions
82,000 African Americans, or less than 1% of their population held union memberships
A. Philip Randolph
Founded the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters to help African Americans
Billy Sunday
Evangelist who preached against the evils of drinking
Baseball player turned into preacher
Support for Prohibition
Largely from the rural South and West, areas with large populations of native-born Protestants.
Anti-Saloon League
Church-affiliated group that led the drive to pass the Prohibition amendment
The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union
Considered drinking a sin, had helped push the measure through
The Volstead Act
Established a Prohibition Bureau in the Treasury Department but the agency was underfunded
Prohibition enforcement
Involved patrolling 18,700 miles of coastline as well as inland borders
1,500 poorly paid federal agents and local police did the job
Speakeasies
Underground hidden saloons and nightclubs that sold liquor illegally
Bootlegger
A smuggler that hid liquor in their boots or legs
21th Amendment
Repealed the 18th amendment
Aimee Semple McPherson
Used Hollywood showmanship to preach the Bible
The American Civil Liberties Union(ACLU)
Promised to defend any teacher who would challenge the anti-evolution law
John T. Scopes
Young biology teacher that was arrested for teaching evolution
ACLU hired Clarence Darrow to defend this teacher
Was found guilty and fine $100
Scopes Trial
A fight over evolution and the role of science and religion in public schools in American Society
Christine Frederick
Advertised consulting and efficiency
Created the washing machine
John F. Carter
‘Wild young people”
Young Feminine Fashion
Clipped their long hair into boyish bobs and died it jet black
Women’s Colleges
Sarah Lawrence and Scripps college
Margaret Sanger
Opened the first birth control clinic in the United States
Founded the American Birth Control League
Zora Neale Hurston
Attended Howard University to become a writer in NYC
Her work celebrated the common person’s art form, simple
Africans in cities
5.2 million of the 12 million African Americans, over 40%, lived in cities
25 urban race riots
National Urban League
Organization that tried to remove barriers for black employment
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Urged African Americans to protest racial violence
Silent Parade/Silent Protest
W.E.B Dubois led a parade of 10,000 African Americans in NYC to protest racial violence
James Weldon Johnson
Poet, lawyer, and NAACP executive secretary led the organization to start 3 antilynching bills
Black Nationalism
Idea that all black people are one
Booker T. Washington
Described Harlem as the capital of Black America
Claude McKey
A novelist, poet, and Jamaican immigrant was a major figure in the movement with his verses that urged African Americans to resist prejudice
Jean Toomer
His book “Cone” was a mix of poems
Langston Hughes
His poems described the difficult life of working class African Americans
Shuffle Along
A black musical comedy popular in 1921 that spotlighted the talents of several black performers
Ethel Waters
Actress/singer that debuted on Broadway in the musical Africana
Paul Robinson
The son of a one-time slave, became a major actor
He supported the Soviet union and the Communist Party
His performance in Shakespeare’s Othelle was acclaimed
Joe “King” Oliver
His Creole Jazz Band traveled North to Chicago
Louis Armstrong
Young talented trumpet player that joined the Creole Band and then Fletcher Headerson’s band
Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington
A Jazz pianist and composer led his ten-piece orchestra at the Cotton Club
“Mood Indigo” and “Sophisticated Lady”
The Negro Spirituals
Essay by Alain Locke predicted Duke’s success
Calloway’s Scat
Improvised jazz singing using sounds, not words
Bessie Smith
A female blues singer
The highest paid black artist
“Saint Louis Blues”
NYC’s West 28th Street
Many jazz tunes were published as sheet music
Josephine Baker
Lived in Paris and wowed French audiences with her singing, dancing, and comedy
Richmond Barthe
Sculptor that made many monuments like the Haitian Hera Toussaint and portrait of Booker T. Washington
Aaron Douglas
Painted murals and illustrated books
Palmer Hayden
His work was inspired by African American folklore
James Van Der Zee
Used innovative techniques in his photographs
Gene Tunney vs. Jack Dempsey Radio
50 million Americans listened
Tunney beat Dempsey after 10 rounds
Fight of the century
Highschool attendance
Attendance rose from 1 million to 4 million
American Education cost
This cost $2.7 bill in the mid 1920s
Newspaper circulation
600 local newspapers had shut down
230 newspapers had been swallowed up by huge national chains
Magazines
Summarized the week’s news both foreign, and domestic
Mahjong
Chinese game with playing pieces that resemble dominoes
Tutankhamen
This dazzling tomb of an Egyptian Pharoh inspired Egyptian styled accessories
Charles A. Lindbergh
Pilot that flew across the Atlantic
A handsome, modest Minnesotan
Wanted the $25,000 prized for the Atlantic prize
Set in Le Bourget airport
33 hours long and 29 minutes
The Jazz Singer
The first major movie sound, which followed a rebellious Jewish man
Walk Disney’s Steamboat Wilie
The first animated film with sound, released in 1928
Eugene O’Neils
His plays such as the Hairy Ape forced Americans to reflect upon modern isolation, confusion, and family conflict