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Charles E. Sorensen

Met Henry Ford at the Detroit Foundry, and worked for him as a patternmaker leading to the Model T

Warren G. Harding

• Handsome Ohio Republican presidential candidate, promised “normalcy”

• “Less government in business and more

  business in government.”

• Wanted to cut taxes for the rich

Washington Disarmament Conference

President Harding invited several major powers to the Washington Naval Conference

Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes

• Urged that no more warships be built for ten years

• Suggested that the five major naval powers scrap their weapons

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Renounced war as a national policy but had no enforcement

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

Raised taxes on some U.S. imports to 60% which protected U.S. businesses, but made it impossible for Britain and France to sell enough

Charles G. Dawes

American banker that negotiated loans in Germany, which came to be known as the Dawes Plan

Dawes Plan

American investors loaned Germany $2.5 billion to pay back Britain and France with annual payments on a fixed scale.

Herbert Hoover

Secretary of commerce that did a masterful job of handling food distribution and refugee problems during World War I.

Andrew Mellon

One of the country’s wealthiest men, became secretary of the treasury and set about drastically cutting taxes and reducing the national debt.

Ohio gang

The president’s poker-playing cronies, who would soon cause a great deal of embarrassment.

Charles R. Forbes

Head of the Veterans Bureau that was caught illegally selling government and hospital supplies to private companies

Colonel Thomas W. Miller

Head of the Office of Alien Property that was caught taking a bribe

Teapot Dome scandal

Albert B. Fall managed to get the oil reserves transferred from the navy to the Interior Department then into two private oil companies for $400,000 in “loans, bonds, and cash.”

Coolidge’s Administration

• Placed high tariffs on foreign imports

• Reduced income taxes

• Wages were rising, and so was productivity

Assembly-line

Raised the output of labor productivity by 45%

Route 66

Legendary road that provided a route for people trekking west from Chicago to California

The Holland Tunnel

The first underwater tunnel specifically for motor vehicles, opened in NYC and Jersey City

Car statistics by late 1920s

• 80% of all registered motor vehicles in the world were in the U.S

• 1 automobile for every five people

Will Rogers

“It will take a hundred years to tell whether you helped us or hurt us, but you certainly didn’t leave us where you found us.”

Pan American Airways

Inaugurated the first transatlantic passenger flights

The Vega

Lockheed Company’s single-engine plane

Average annual income

• Increased by 35%

• $522 to $705

Consumerism

Acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts

Clarence B and S

• Clarence B developed a new freezer

• Clarence S developed a new grocery store

Listerine advertisements

Convinced readers that without mouthwash a person ran the risk of having halitosis—bad breath

Average factory worker production

• Average factory workers were producing 50% more

• National income grew from $64 billion to $87 billion

Installment plan

Enabled people to buy goods over an extended period, without having to put down much money at the time of purchase

Irving Fajans

Department store sales clerk in New York that persuaded his workers to join the Department Store Employees Union

Communism

An economic and political system based on single-party government ruled by a dictatorship 

Vladimir I. Lenin

Him and the Bolsheviks(the majority) established a new Communist state

U.S. Communist Party

70,000 radicals and some IWW members came together to form this group

Anarchists

People who opposed any form of government

Nicola Sacco

Shoemaker accused of murder/robbery, but no proof showed that he shot his gun

Bartolomeo Vanzetti

Fish seller accused of murder/robbery. definitely shot his shit up

Poet Edna St. Vincent Millay

Donated proceeds from her poem “Justice Denied in Massachusetts” in Sacco and Vanzetti’s defense

KKK

• Destroyed saloons, opposed unions, and drove foreign-born people out of the country

• Reached 4.5 million members

Immigration in the U.S.

• Grown to 600%

• 141,000 - 805,000 immigrants

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

• Established the maximum number of people who could enter the United States from each foreign

• Limited European immigration to 2%, or 150,000 ppl per year

• 1 million Canadians and 500,000 Mexicans crossed the border

Indian Citizenship Act

Granted citizenship to about 125,000 native people, excluding natives born before 1924

U.S. Steel Corporation Strikes

• 300,000 workers walked off their jobs

• Striking workers were beaten by police, federal troops, and state militias

Strikebreakers

Employees who agreed to work during the strike

John L. Lewis

• Became Unionism’s new leader

• Called Union members out on strike for miners

• Miners received a 27% wage increase but not shorter workdays

Africans in Unions

82,000 African Americans, or less than 1% of their population held union memberships

A. Philip Randolph

Founded the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters to help African Americans

Billy Sunday

• Evangelist who preached against the evils of drinking

• Baseball player turned into preacher

Support for Prohibition

Largely from the rural South and West, areas with large populations of native-born Protestants.

Anti-Saloon League

Church-affiliated group that led the drive to pass the Prohibition amendment

The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union

Considered drinking a sin, had helped push the measure through

The Volstead Act

Established a Prohibition Bureau in the Treasury Department but the agency was underfunded

Prohibition enforcement

• Involved patrolling 18,700 miles of coastline as well as inland borders

• 1,500 poorly paid federal agents and local police did the job

Speakeasies

Underground hidden saloons and nightclubs that sold liquor illegally

Bootlegger

A smuggler that hid liquor in their boots or legs

21th Amendment

Repealed the 18th amendment

Aimee Semple McPherson

Used Hollywood showmanship to preach the Bible

The American Civil Liberties Union(ACLU)

Promised to defend any teacher who would challenge the anti-evolution law

John T. Scopes

• Young biology teacher that was arrested for teaching evolution

• ACLU hired Clarence Darrow to defend this teacher

• Was found guilty and fine $100

Scopes Trial

A fight over evolution and the role of science and religion in public schools in American Society

Christine Frederick

• Advertised consulting and efficiency

• Created the washing machine

John F. Carter

‘Wild young people”

Young Feminine Fashion

Clipped their long hair into boyish bobs and died it jet black

Women’s Colleges

Sarah Lawrence and Scripps college

Margaret Sanger

• Opened the first birth control clinic in the United States

• Founded the American Birth Control League

Zora Neale Hurston

• Attended Howard University to become a writer in NYC

• Her work celebrated the common person’s art form, simple

Africans in cities

• 5.2 million of the 12 million African Americans, over 40%, lived in cities

• 25 urban race riots

National Urban League

Organization that tried to remove barriers for black employment

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Urged African Americans to protest racial violence

Silent Parade/Silent Protest

W.E.B Dubois led a parade of 10,000 African Americans in NYC to protest racial violence

James Weldon Johnson

Poet, lawyer, and NAACP executive secretary led the organization to start 3 antilynching bills

Black Nationalism

Idea that all black people are one

Booker T. Washington

Described Harlem as the capital of Black America

Claude McKey

A novelist, poet, and Jamaican immigrant was a major figure in the movement with his verses that urged African Americans to resist prejudice

Jean Toomer

His book “Cone” was a mix of poems

Langston Hughes

His poems described the difficult life of working class African Americans

Shuffle Along

A black musical comedy popular in 1921 that spotlighted the talents of several black performers

Ethel Waters

Actress/singer that debuted on Broadway in the musical Africana

Paul Robinson

• The son of a one-time slave, became a major actor

• He supported the Soviet union and the Communist Party

• His performance in Shakespeare’s Othelle was acclaimed

Joe “King” Oliver

His Creole Jazz Band traveled North to Chicago

Louis Armstrong

Young talented trumpet player that joined the Creole Band and then Fletcher Headerson’s band

Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington

• A Jazz pianist and composer led his ten-piece orchestra at the Cotton Club

• “Mood Indigo” and “Sophisticated Lady”

The Negro Spirituals

Essay by Alain Locke predicted Duke’s success

Calloway’s Scat

Improvised jazz singing using sounds, not words

Bessie Smith

• A female blues singer

• The highest paid black artist

• “Saint Louis Blues”

NYC’s West 28th Street

Many jazz tunes were published as sheet music

Josephine Baker

Lived in Paris and wowed French audiences with her singing, dancing, and comedy

Richmond Barthe

Sculptor that made many monuments like the Haitian Hera Toussaint and portrait of Booker T. Washington

Aaron Douglas

Painted murals and illustrated books

Palmer Hayden

His work was inspired by African American folklore

James Van Der Zee

Used innovative techniques in his photographs

Gene Tunney vs. Jack Dempsey Radio

• 50 million Americans listened

• Tunney beat Dempsey after 10 rounds

• Fight of the century

Highschool attendance

Attendance rose from 1 million to 4 million

American Education cost

This cost $2.7 bill in the mid 1920s

Newspaper circulation

• 600 local newspapers had shut down

• 230 newspapers had been swallowed up by huge national chains

Magazines

Summarized the week’s news both foreign, and domestic

Mahjong

Chinese game with playing pieces that resemble dominoes

Tutankhamen

This dazzling tomb of an Egyptian Pharoh inspired Egyptian styled accessories

Charles A. Lindbergh

• Pilot that flew across the Atlantic

• A handsome, modest Minnesotan

• Wanted the $25,000 prized for the Atlantic prize

• Set in Le Bourget airport

• 33 hours long and 29 minutes

The Jazz Singer

The first major movie sound, which followed a rebellious Jewish man

Walk Disney’s Steamboat Wilie

The first animated film with sound, released in 1928

Eugene O’Neils

His plays such as the Hairy Ape forced Americans to reflect upon modern isolation, confusion, and family conflict