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Adaptive immunity
the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them
allergens
are antigens that cause an allergic reaction
alloimmunity
reactions directed at tissue antigens from other
individuals of the same species
organ transplant rejection
antibodies
Proteins that attach to antigens, keeping them from harming the body
antigen
A protein that triggers the production of an antibody, when introduced to the blood
apoptosis
programmed cell death
autoimmunity
pertaining to one's immune system attacking its own tissues or cells
B lymphocytes
form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
basophils
A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine.
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
direct destruction of antigen carrying cells
Eosinophils
a white blood cell containing granules that offer best protection against parasites
granulocytes
A group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.
Helper T lymphocytes
enhance humoral and cell-mediated responses of the immune system
host
An organism on which a parasite lives.
Hypersensitivity
an exaggerated response by the immune system to a particular substance
immunoglobulin
protein with antibody activity
innate immunity
Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens.
lymph
the watery fluid in the lymph vessels collected from the tissue spaces
macrophages
Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream.
monocytes
An agranular leukocyte that can migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage.
natural killer cell
immune system cell responsible for suppressing viruses and destroying tumor cells
neutrophils
A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.
specificity
the immune cells seek out and destroy targeted foreign invaders
T lymphocytes
form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
urticaria
itching
What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate immunity - Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens.
Adaptive immunity - occurs over lifetime, promotes body’s ability to adapt to threat of infection
What are the roles of the T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes in the immune response?
T LYMPHOCYTES are responsible for attacking antigens and activating other cells needed for immune response. B LYMPHOCYTES are responsible for producing antibodies that attach to specific antigens, then neutralizing and destroying the invader.
How are antibodies created and what immunity benefit do they provide?
Antibodies are created by B LYMPHOCYTES. Antibodies can attach to specific types of antigens, allowing them to be marked for destruction to protect body from harm.
What are common causes of immunodeficiency?
genetic mutation, impaired immune responsiveness; viruses such as HIV
Primary immunodeficiency - freq identified when recurrent, severe infections are seen in young children
Secondary immunodeficiency - immunodeficiency that’s a result of another disease
How does the immune system play a role in allergies and allergic reactions?
The immune system identifies harmless substances as potential threats to the body, thus creating an attack on the substances. This creates allergies and allergic reactions
What interventions do we provide to boost or supplement the immune system?
Vaccines - stimulate immunity through exposure to antigen
Attenuated vaccines - reduced ability to cause disease
Conjugated vaccines - promote activation of more than 1 cell type; stimulates immune response to pathogen
balanced diet
regular exercise
sufficient sleep
stress management