Exam 2 Study Guide – Tissues, Integumentary & Skeletal Systems

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and definitions from the lecture notes on tissue types, integumentary system, and skeletal system for Exam 2 preparation.

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue that covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands.

Connective Tissue

Tissue that supports, protects, and binds other tissues; contains cells, fibers, and ground substance.

Muscle Tissue

Tissue specialized for contraction and movement.

Nervous Tissue

Tissue that transmits electrical impulses for communication and control.

Histology

The microscopic study of tissues.

Apical Surface

The exposed (top) surface of an epithelial cell.

Basal Surface

The bottom surface of an epithelial cell that attaches to connective tissue.

Lateral Surface

The side surfaces of epithelial cells containing cell junctions.

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

Protection, selective permeability, secretion, and sensation.

Simple Epithelium

Single layer of epithelial cells, all touching the basement membrane.

Stratified Epithelium

Multiple cell layers; only bottom layer touches the basement membrane.

Pseudostratified Epithelium

Appears layered, but all cells contact the basement membrane.

Squamous Cells

Flat, thin epithelial cells.

Cuboidal Cells

Cube-shaped epithelial cells with central nuclei.

Columnar Cells

Tall, narrow epithelial cells with elongated nuclei.

Transitional Epithelium

Stratified epithelium that changes shape to allow stretching, e.g., in urinary tract.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Single layer of flat cells specialized for rapid diffusion and filtration.

Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium

Tall cells without cilia; lines digestive tract from stomach to anal canal.

Cilia

Motile cell projections that move mucus or oocytes along epithelial surfaces.

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

All cells touch basement membrane but vary in height; often ciliated in airways.

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Multi-layered epithelium with surface cells full of keratin; forms the epidermis.

Endocrine Gland

Ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Exocrine Gland

Gland that secretes products through ducts onto an epithelial surface.

Merocrine Secretion

Exocytosis-based release of secretions, e.g., sweat and salivary glands.

Fixed Macrophage

Resident phagocytic cell in connective tissue that engulf debris and pathogens.

Collagen Fibers

Strong, flexible protein fibers that resist stretching.

Reticular Connective Tissue

Network of reticular fibers forming the stroma of lymphatic organs like spleen.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Parallel collagen fibers providing tensile strength in tendons and ligaments.

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Random collagen fiber arrangement; resists stress in multiple directions (dermis).

Hyaline Cartilage

Most common cartilage; smooth, glassy matrix at joints and fetal skeleton.

Fibrocartilage

Dense cartilage with thick collagen; resists compression (intervertebral discs).

Elastic Cartilage

Cartilage with elastic fibers for flexibility (external ear).

Compact Bone

Dense, solid bone forming the outer layer of bones.

Spongy Bone

Porous, lattice-like bone inside epiphyses; houses red marrow.

Osteocyte

Mature bone cell that maintains bone matrix and senses mechanical stress.

Epidermis

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium forming the skin’s outer layer.

Dermis

Connective tissue layer beneath epidermis; contains nerves, vessels, and glands.

Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis)

Areolar and adipose tissue beneath dermis; stores fat and insulates.

Stratum Basale

Deepest epidermal layer; site of mitosis and melanocytes.

Stratum Spinosum

Layer of spiny keratinocytes providing strength and flexibility.

Stratum Granulosum

Layer where keratinization begins; cells accumulate keratohyalin granules.

Stratum Lucidum

Clear layer present only in thick skin (palms, soles).

Stratum Corneum

Superficial layer of dead, keratin-filled cells; barrier layer.

Melanocyte

Pigment-producing cell in stratum basale that synthesizes melanin.

Tactile (Merkel) Cell

Sensory receptor cell in epidermis that detects light touch.

Thick Skin

Skin with five epidermal layers; no hair; on palms and soles.

Thin Skin

Skin with four epidermal layers; covers most of body; contains hair.

Friction Ridges

Dermal-epidermal folds that create fingerprints and enhance grip.

Dermal Papilla

Upward projections of dermis that interlock with epidermis to increase surface area.

Stretch Marks

Linear scars from torn dermal collagen fibers due to stretching.

Functions of Skin

Protection, vitamin D synthesis, and temperature regulation (among others).

Transdermal Drug Administration

Delivery of medication through skin absorption into bloodstream.

Lanugo Hair

Fine, unpigmented fetal hair.

Vellus Hair

Fine, lightly pigmented hair covering most of the body after birth.

Terminal Hair

Coarse, pigmented hair on scalp, eyebrows, and after puberty in certain areas.

Arrector Pili Muscle

Tiny smooth muscle that elevates hair, causing goosebumps.

Merocrine Sweat Gland

Widely distributed gland secreting watery sweat for thermoregulation.

Apocrine Sweat Gland

Gland in axillae, groin, etc.; secretes viscous sweat activated at puberty.

Sebaceous Gland

Holocrine gland that secretes oily sebum into hair follicles.

Ceruminous Gland

Modified sweat gland in ear canal producing cerumen (earwax).

Anagen Phase

Active growth phase of the hair cycle.

Catagen Phase

Brief regression phase where hair follicle shrinks.

Telogen Phase

Resting/shedding phase of hair growth cycle.

First-Degree Burn

Burn damaging only the epidermis; redness and pain.

Second-Degree Burn

Burn involving epidermis and dermis; blisters form.

Third-Degree Burn

Burn destroying epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer; requires grafts.

Regeneration

Replacement of damaged tissue with identical tissue and full function restored.

Fibrosis

Replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue; function partially lost.

Age-Related Skin Changes

Thinner epidermis, reduced collagen, wrinkles, and slower repair with aging.

Functions of Skeletal System

Support, protection of organs, and blood cell production (hematopoiesis).

Diaphysis

Shaft of a long bone containing medullary cavity.

Epiphysis

End of a long bone; mostly spongy bone with articular cartilage.

Epiphyseal Plate

Cartilage growth plate enabling lengthwise bone growth.

Red Bone Marrow

Hematopoietic tissue that forms blood cells.

Intramembranous Ossification

Bone development from mesenchyme forming flat bones like skull and clavicle.

Endochondral Ossification

Bone development by replacing a cartilage model; forms most long bones.