Cell Structure and Functions

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts about cell structure, functions, and processes.

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells without a nucleus, such as bacterial cells; contain a single circular strand of DNA and plasmids.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells with a nucleus, including animal and plant cells; contain organelles like mitochondria and ribosomes.

Organelle

A specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function, such as the nucleus or mitochondria.

Cytoplasm

The liquid substance in which chemical reactions occur within the cell and contains organelles.

Cell Membrane

The structure that controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Mitochondria

Organelles where aerobic respiration takes place, providing energy for the cell.

Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis found on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Chloroplasts

Organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs and which contain chlorophyll.

Vacuole

A structure within plant cells that contains cell sap and helps maintain cell rigidity.

Cell Wall

A rigid structure made from cellulose that provides strength to plant cells.

Cell Differentiation

The process by which a stem cell gains new subcellular structures to become specialized for its role.

Stem Cells

Undifferentiated cells that can divide and differentiate into various types of cells.

Diffusion

The passive movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

The movement of water from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated one through a partially permeable membrane.

Active Transport

The movement of particles against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

Magnification

The process of enlarging an image, typically done in microscopy.

Resolution

The ability to distinguish between two points in an image, defined by resolving power.

Culture Medium

A nutrient solution used to grow microorganisms in the lab.