3 - Bounded Rationality

What are the (4) limits of our rationality?

Limited attention, construal, system 1 and 2, heuristics

What limit of rationality would not noticing a bowl of soup slowly refilling, causing you to eat more and not notice be?

Limited attention

What limit of our rationality can be defined as “our judgements are based on the meaning we assign to the behaviour we witness”?

Construal

Our culture and experiences can affect how we perceive the world and our decisions. This statement aligns with what limit of rationality?

Construal

Which system is responsible for unconscious, automatic thoughts/actions?

System 1

True or false: System 1 is rapid

True

True or false: Initial-reactions to events are usually inaccurate and require more thought?

False

What system is rule-based?

System 2

What system is serial (performs operations one at a time?)

System 2

What system can we sometimes override?

System 1

What system is better for when logic is needed?

System 2

What is a mental shortcut or “rule of thumb”?

Heuristic

What limit of rationality is defined as “an intuitive procedure that relies on a natural assessment to reduce a complex task of estimation to a simpler judgmental operation”?

Heuristic

What type of heuristic involves judging probability by ease with which instances come to mind?

Availability heuristic

What type of heuristic would the thought that tornadoes happen more in Kansas than Nebraska beacuse of the film “Wizard of Oz”?

Availability heuristic

True or false: Availability heuristic is often inaccurate

False

The ease (or difficulty) associated with information processing

Fluency

What influences how people process relevant information?

Fluency

What type of heuristic involves trying to categorize something by judging our similar it is to our conception of the typical member of that category?

Representativeness heuristic

Astrology is an example of what type of heuristic?

Representativeness heuristic

True or false: Representativeness heuristic can make accurate judgements since group members often resemble the group prototype

True

What type of heuristic can affect assessments of causality?

Representativeness heuristic

The belief that two things are correlated, when they are not

Illusory correlation

What type of heuristic involves judging someone’s merit, value, or risk, based on the emotional reaction it generates?

Affect heuristic

If the value is high and the risk is low, what emotion did the target likely react with?

Positive

If the value is low and the risk is high, what emotion did the target likely react with?

Negative

What heuristic is defined as “when the estimation of a value is influenced by an accidental or irrelevant starting point?

Anchoring heuristic

What is a statistical tendency, when two variables are imperfectly correlated, for extreme values of one of them to be associated with less extreme values of the other?

Regression effect

If a tall parent has a tall kid, but not as tall as the parent themself, what is this an example of?

Regression effect

What is failing to see a regression effect for what it is and instead concluding there’s a cause/effect relationship?

Regression fallacy

What is the idea that behaviour should be attributed to potential causes that occur along with the observed behaviour?

Covariation principles

What type of attribution occurs when both consensus and distinctiveness are high?

Situational

What type of attribution occurs when both consensus and distinctiveness are low?

Dispositional

What are the thoughts of what might, could, or should have happened “if only” something had occurred differently called?

Counterfactual thinking

What’s it called when an emotional reaction is more intense as if the event almost didn’t occur?

Emotional amplification

If you got 2nd place in a competition and you felt worse about it than 3rd place did, despite doing better, what is this called?

Emotional amplification

If you attribute failures to external circumstances but success to yourself, what is this called?

Self-serving attributional bias

If you think that you failed the test because the questions were ambiguous but thinking you passed because you’re smart and studied, what is this called?

Self-serving attributional bias

Who is more likely to make situational attributions: the actor or the observer?

Actor

Who is more likely to make dispositional attributions: the actor or the observer?

Observer

What’s it called when there is a difference in attribution based on who is making the causal assessment?

Actor-observer difference

True or false: Non-Westerns are more likely to make situational attributions than dispositional ones?

True

People from what type of cultures are less prone to the fundamental attribution error?

Interdependent

Who is more likely to attribute failures to a lack of effort?

Men

Who is more likely to attribute failures to lack of ability?

Women

What order effect happens when the info presented first exerts the most influence?

Primary effect

What order effect happens when the info presented last has the most impact on you?

Recency effect

What is defined as “the way info is presented, including the order of presentation, can frame the way it’s processed and understood?

Framing effects

Order effects are an example of what?

Framing effects

What type of framing is used by politicians?

Spin Framing

What type of framing occurs when the content is varied of what is presented is varied, not just the order?

Spin framing

True or false: Negative framing gets more attentions and a stronger response

True

Construal level theory is an example of what type of framing?

Temporal framing

What is defined as “the temporal perspective from which people view events has important and predictable implications fo rhow they construe them”?

Temporal framing

What is referred to as “seeking out info that supports your prosposition rather than looking for info that would contradict it”?

Confirmation bias

What type of processing takes in stimuli from the world?

Bottom-up processing

What type of processing filters/interprets stimuil in light of preexistening knowledge and expectation?

Top-down processing

What 3 influences are there on our schemas?

1. Directs our atetntion

2. Structures our memorise

3. Influences our interpretations

What type of stimuli is presented outside of conscious awareness?

Subliminal stimuli

True or false: It’s impossible for your 2 systems to agree. One will always dominate and pick for you.

False

Thinking homicides happen more than suicides because we hear of them more in the news is an exampled of what?

Biased assessment of risk

Thinking homicides happen more than suicides because we hear of them more in the news is an exampled of what is an example of a consequence of what heuristic type?

Availability heuristic