biomed final

lactose intolerance

not enough lactase

1 carbon atom

4 covalent bonds

galactose + glucose→lactose+water

glucose=monomer

diabetes prevention

healthy diet,exercise,weight loss

symptoms of type 1 d

fatigue,exhaustion, dizziness

High blood glucose levels

hyperglycemia

good diet needs

polysaccharides

plant energy storing carb

starch

saturated fat

saturated w hydrogen

high saturated fat diet

risk of heart attack

proteins are polymers made of

amino acid monomers

when blood glucose levels are up

insulin levels are up

nucleic acids are polymers made of

nucleotide monomers

dna nucleotides

thymine,guanine,adenine,cytosine

oxygen carrying protein

hemoglobin

proportion of red blood cells in blood

hematocrite

cell fragments that assist clotting

platelet

what results on a CBC indicates anemia

low red+white blood cells count

substance not measured in basic metabolic panel

hemoglobin

describes number of heart beats per minute

pulse

when a process is known as aerobic is uses

oxygen

waste product of cellular respiration

C02,H2O,ATP

where does glycolysis occur

cytoplasm

dna and rna are polymers made of

nucleotide monomers

back bone of dna

repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate

dna contains——instead of———found in Rna

thymine,uracil

in dna

adenine thymine guanine cytosine

if dna has the sequence ATCCGA what is the transcribed rna is

UAGGCU

if dna has the sequence ATCCGA what is the complementary strand

TAGGCT

how many amino acids are there to make protein

20

traits physically exhibited by organism

phenotype

number of nucleotides that make up a codon

3

expressed coding regions of genes

exons

rna that is translated into a polypeptide is

messanger(m)RNA

structure that facilitates translation

ribosomes

translation converts info stored in RNA

into polypeptide

dna codon GTA codes for

an amino acid with the anti codon GAU

trait most commonly found in nature

wild-type trait

eukaryotic cells have chromosomes held in

the nucleus

chromatin consists of

dna and protein

duplicated chromosomes consists of

2 sister chromatids

where sister chromatids are connected

centromere

interphase

chromosome duplication occurs

cytokinesis typically begins during

telophase

benign tumors

do not metastasize

malignant tumors

do metastasize and possibly deadly

mitotic spindle begins to form

prophase

mitosis

prophase,metaphase,anaphase,telophase

metaphase

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

anaphase

sister chromatids become separate chromosomes

telophase

chromosomes condense

homologous chromosomes

carry genes controlling some inherited characteristics, 23 pairs

chromosomes in normal human males

44 autonomies, 1 x, 1 y

chromosomes in normal human females

44 auto, 2 x

chromosomes that dont affect sex

autosomes

nucleosomes are made of

dna and histone proteins

plant cells

form a cell plate

animal cells

forms cleavage not cell plate

cleavage furrow more to 1 side

cells would be very different sizes

may indicate cancer

cells with large variably shaped nuclei

eukaryotic chromatin is made of

dna and proteins

circle shaped bacteria

cocci

gramstain order

crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, safrimine

purpose of iodine

prevent crystal violet from leaving

bacterial smears are fixed before to

fix the cells to the slide

gram positive

purple, more peptidoglycan in cell wall

gram negative

red/pink, less peptidoglycan in cell wall

steps

making smear, fixing, staining

cells in secondary immune response

memory cells

antibodies

bind to antigens or pathogens

antibodies again

a type of molecule that assists in destroying particular antigens

typical vaccine

harmless variant of a disease causing microbe

inflammatory response

disinfect+clean damaged celsl

first line of defense

skin and mucus membranes

bacteria cell walls contain

peptidoglycan

WBC that attack cancer cells

natural killer cells

bacteria

lack membrane bound organelles

Antibodies are __?

specific

bacteria is a___?

unicellular microbe

cell transport includes:

diffusion and osmosis

Diffusion

movement of molecules from high to low concentration

Osmosis

diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane

Isotonic

some consecration in and out of cell

Hypotonic

water goes inside; cell swells

hypertonic

water goes outside; cell shrinks

Membrane movements

solutions move through semi permeable membranes based on concentration gradients

Transport vocab

lysis,turgid,passive transport, active transport, facilitated diffusion

lysis

cell bursting after swelling

turgid

swollen cell

passive transport

no energy need, diffusion and osmosis

active transport

needs energy, against gradient

facilitated diffusion

uses protein channels to help larger molecules pass

Microbiology (gram bacteria)

process: helps identify bacteria using dye and microscope

Prokaryotes

no nucleus; bacteria

Eukaryotes

has nucleus; human cells

DNA and RNA polymerase

made of nucleotides

base paring for dna

a-t,c-g

base pairing for rna

a-u, c-g

replication

makes comfy of dna using base pairing rules