Modern American history final study guide

13th ammendment

Abolished slavery

14th ammendment

States must treat people equal under the law

15th ammendment

Prohibited denying right to vote on color/race

Reconstruction act

Required former confederate states to ratify the 14th ammendment and black suffrage

KKK

Wanted to defend white superiority

Plessey v. Ferguson

Separate but equal

Jim Crow laws

Separate schools, forbade interracial marriage, supported segregation

Compromise of 1877

Allowed southern states to practice Jim Crow Laws

Johnson - Reed Act

Cut # of people allowed in each year and favored Northern and Western Europeans

Dawes Act

Authorized breakdown of tribal lands into plots for Native Americans

Assimilation schools

Making people “more American”

Citizenship act of 1924

US citizenship to all native Americans born in the US

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Suppressed Anti-British, pro-German and Anti-War opinions

Japanese Internment

When WWII starts, FDR says anyone of Japanese dissent must be put in interment camps for rest of war

Globalized

Annex of Hawaii, WWII, Spanish-American war

Didn’t globalize

League of Nations, WWI

Neutrality acts

Aimed to prevent US getting involved in foreign affairs

Capitalism

Less government

Socialism

More government

Main parties

Democrat and Republican

Greenback

Anti monopoly ideology

Prohibition

Opposition to alcohol

Populists

Rights of farmers and working class people

Progressive

Women’s suffrage, child labor laws, federal income tax

Socialist

Socialism and more government control over $ and population

Ole Miss Riots

James Merideth accepted an protected by Marshalls (1st black student) riots broke out - 2 deaths

George Wallace

Governor of Alabama “segregation now, segregation forever”

Letter from a Birmingham Jail

Written by MLK after being imprisoned for a nonviolent segregation protest

March on Washington

Sparked by Kennedy’s civil rights bill sent to congress- 250,000 gathered on national mall for jobs and freedom

Civil rights act 1964

Johnson signed (Kennedy assassinated) - no discrimination because of race, religion, or gender , couldn’t discriminate in public places

Voting rights act 1965

Passed summer after Selma march

Bay of pigs invasion

1961, Kennedy secretly trained Cuban exiles to invade Cuba - disaster didn’t go as planned

Castro

Leader of cuba

Khrushchev

Leader of USSR

Kennedy

Leader of the United States

Geneva Accords

Divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel

Gulf of Tonkin

Authorizes president to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against US forces

Rolling thunder

Aerial bombardment campaign by the US and Republic of Vietnam Air Force against North Vietnam

Search and destroy

Military strategy to insert ground forces into hostile territory, search out enemy, destroy them and immediately withdraw

Tet offensive

Surprise attack on South Vietnamese cities by Vietcong and North Vietnamese forces - caught the US off guard

My Lai Masacre

U.S troops brutally attack innocent women and children - had a bad public perception

Kent state

Ohio national guard opened fire on unarmed students - catalyzed antiwar movement

Southern strategy

Looked for ways to gain votes in the south- republicans took focus away from votes from black in north to white in south

RFK assasination

In hotel before nominations

George Wallace

Appealed to white working and middle class position oppressed and overlooked redneck as outsider

Letter from a birmingham jail

Sparked Kennedy’s civil rights bill sent to congress - 250,000 gathered on national mall to protest jobs and freedom

Civil rights act 1964

Johnson signed - no discrimination bc of race, religion or gender

Can’t discriminate in public places

Voting rights act 1965

Passed summer after Selma march

Bay of pigs invasion

1961 - Kennedy secretly trained Cuban exiles to invade Cuba - was a disaster and didn’t go as planned

Geneva accords

Divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel

Gulf of Tonkin

Authorized president to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against US forces

Operation rolling thunder

Aerial bombardment campaign by the US and Republic of Vietnam Air Force against North Vietnam

Search and Destroy

Military strategy to insert ground forces into hostile territory, search out the enemy, destroy them, and immediately withdraw

Tet offensive

Surprise attack on south Vietnamese cities by Vietcong and north Vietnamese forces - US caught off guard

My Lai Massacre

US troops brutally attack innocent women and children in Vietnam - bad public perception

Kent state

Ohio national guard opened fire on unarmed students - catalyzed the antiwar movement

Southern strategy

Looked for ways to gain votes in the south - republicans took focus away from votes from black in the north to white in the south

George Wallace

Appealed to white working and middle class - positioned oppressed and overlooked redneck as the outsider

ERA - equal rights amendment

Designed to create equal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex - passed by congress in 1972 - remains unratified

Title 9

Prohibits sex based discrimination in any education programs or activities receiving federal funds

Stagflation

When unemployment and inflation rates are high at the same time

Reaganomics

Cut taxes to help businesses, cut social programs, cut regulation of businesses

Detente

Driven by Nixon and Henry Kissinger, eased Cold War tensions between US and Soviet Union. Diplomatic negotiations, arms control agreements, managing relations and cooperation

Nixon to China

Nixon visits Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai in Beijing, wanted to sift global power and pressure the Soviet Union, also wanted trade opportunities with China

Oil Crisis

Arab members of OPEC put an embargo against the US for supporting Israel military during post war peace negotiations, put a strain on the US economy because we are depended not on foreign oil, eventually lifted after talks & Nixon project

Iran Hostage Situation

Iranian students stormed the US embassy and held 52 Americans hostage for 444 days until a secret operation by the American and Canadian gov freed them - Jimmy Carter was president

Iran Contra scandal

Officials in Reagan administration secretly sold arms to Iran to secure release of American Hostages - profits went to Contra rebels in Nicaragua (illegally) - sparked dishonesty

Reagan Doctrine

Foreign policy to counter soviet global influence through “rolling back” on communism

Wall speech

Speech by Reagan as challenge to soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to dismantle the Berlin Wall as a concrete sign of freedom

Pentagon papers

A top secret history of US involvement in Vietnam commissioned by Defense secretary Robert McNamara. Revealed that they misled the public about the war’s progress and motivations leaked in the NYT

Watergate scandal

Break-in at the DNC headquarters at the watergate complex, orchestrated by Nixon reelection campaign to bug phones and steal documents for political espionage - led to Nixon recognition