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marbury v madison
facts: marbury petitioned for writ of mandamus to confirm his judicial appointment
const. principle: judicial review (article iii)
decision: confirmed judicial review (declare laws as unconstitutional)
impact: judicial branch is co-equal
mcculloch v maryland
facts: mcculloch wanted to tax US bank in maryland
const. principle: supremacy + N&P clause in article i
decision: federal laws > state laws, national bank is constitutional
impact: strengthened implied powers & fed gov
engel v vitale
facts: NYC school wanted to instate voluntary prayer
const. principle: establishment clause (1st)
decision: school-sponsored prayers represent gov involvement
impact: separation of church & state in education
wisconsin v yoder
facts: amish family was sued for pulling their children out of school 2 years early
const. principle: free exercise clause (1st)
decision: individual liberties → compulsory education does not mean insubordination to all other interests (religious exercise)
impact: allowed for religious exemptions from generally applicable laws
tinker v des moines
facts: schools made rule against students who wanted to wear black arm bands in protest of vietnam war
const. principle: freedom of speech (1st)
decision: schools can’t preemptively restrict when no clear disruption is present
impact: established substantial disruption test (on “school operations”)
new york times v united states
facts: nixon invoked prior restraint to prevent release of pentagon papers (exposing US lies on vietnam war)
const. principle: freedom of press (1st)
decision: prior restraint not valid because it wasn’t in interest of “national security”
impact: heavy presumption against prior restraint
schenck v united states
facts: schenk distributed pamphlets discouraging men from enlisting in wwi draft
const. principle: freedom of speech (1st)
decision: unlawful speech bc went against espionage act by actively encouraging avoidance
impact: ‘clear and present’ danger test
gideon v wainright
facts: gideon couldn’t afford a lawyer and florida didn’t provide one
const. principle: right to counsel (6th)
decision: guarantee of counsel applies to state courts
impact: states must provide legal representation for all criminal cases
mcdonald v chicago
facts: chicago’s ban on handguns prevented mcdonald from using one for self defense (lived in dangerous area)
const. principle: 2nd amendment (privileges & immunities)
decision: right to self defense is fundamental and applicable to states
impact: selective incorporation, indiv right to own firearms
brown v board of education
facts: linda brown denied entry to public school in her area, forced to commute further
const. principle: equal protection clause (14th)
decision: separate educational facilities are inherently unequal
impact: state-sanctioned segregation in public education is unconstitutional
baker v carr
facts: tennessee rural districts had more voting power than urban areas
const. principle: equal protection clause (14th) + political question doctrine
decision: legislative reapportionment cases are justiciable
impact: “one person, one vote” principle & caused mass redistricting
shaw v reno
facts: north carolina created “bizarrely shaped” district to increase black representation
const. principle: equal protection (14th)
decision: race can’t be the sole factor
impact: increased difficulty in creating majority-minority districts
united states v lopez
facts: lopez arrested for carrying handgun, was charged under fed law (justified by commerce clause)
const. principle: commerce clause
decision: fed gun law was unconstitutional bc lack of substantial connection to interstate commerce
impact: reaffirmed dual federalism, limited congress’s power