APES - MODULE 19 Unit 4 Test

Layers of the Earth

core, mantle, lithosphere

How old is Earth?

4.6 billion years old

Core

innermost zone of Earth’s interior, made mainly of iron and nickel, with a liquid outer layer

Mantle

the layer above the core, consisting of magma, the asthenosphere, and the solid upper mantle

Lithosphere

The outermost layer of Earth, consisting of the upper mantle and crust

How is the movement of continental drift proven?

fossils

Plate tectonics

states that the Earth’s plates are in constant motion

Cause of earthquakes

while plates are constantly in motion they get “stuck” next to each other and then give way, causing quick motion

How are earthquakes measured?

Richter scale

Richter scale

Measured on a logarithmic scale - meaning by a factor of 10 per each unit

This means that an earthquake measured at a 6 is 100x more intense than one measured at a 4.

Hot spots & what creates them

Hot spots are where molten material from the mantle reaches the lithosphere

Formed over exceptionally hot regions in the mantle

What do hot spots cause?

Volcanoes

where molten lava, ash, and gas are emitted

Tsunamis and what causes them

tsunami: series of waves in the ocean that can cause a massive displacement of water

Caused when earthquakes and volcanoes occur in the ocean.

Divergent boundaries + what it forms

where tectonic plates move away from each other - creates new crust bc magma rises from the mantle & solidifies

forms new oceanic crust, leading to volcanoes, earthquakes, and rift valleys

subduction

when one heavier plate (ocean) sinks below another lighter plate (continental)

Convergent boundaries

when one plate collides with another, leading to a subduction

Convergent boundaries: two oceanic plates collide

subduction leads to deep ocean trenches

Convergent boundaries: two continental plates collide

mountain ranges form + earthquakes occur

oceanic vs continental crust

in convergent boundaries, the oceanic crust is denser, so it will go beneath the continental crust in subduction.

oceanic crust material melts, forming magma, which rises up to create a volcano

transform boundaries + its causes

plates move sideways past each other

causes fault (fracture in crust), earthquakes