APUSH CHAPTER 9

Technological advancements

Developments that facilitated the expansion of cotton production in the U.S. after the War of 1812, including machinery like the Spinning Jenny.

Cotton gin

An invention by Eli Whitney in 1793 that revolutionized cotton production by speeding up the separation of seeds from cotton fibers.

Interchangeable parts

Eli Whitney’s concept of manufacturing machines with easily replaceable parts, simplifying production and repairs.

Black Belt

A fertile region from Georgia to Louisiana ideal for cotton farming, where the institution of slavery expanded rapidly.

Marbury vs. Madison

A landmark court case that established the principle of judicial review, allowing the Supreme Court to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional.

Coffles

The term describing the movement of slaves westward in large groups, often covering 15-20 miles a day under harsh conditions.

Panic of 1819

An economic downturn caused by overproduction, financial overextension, and falling cotton prices.

Missouri Compromise

An agreement that admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state while prohibiting slavery north of the 36°30′ line.

American System

A plan promoted by Henry Clay focusing on protective tariffs, internal improvements, and economic infrastructure to strengthen the nation.

Whig Party

A political party formed by supporters of John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay, advocating for a strong federal government and economic development through internal improvements.

Jacksonian Democracy

The belief held by Andrew Jackson's Democrats, emphasizing the rights of the common man and limiting federal government involvement in economic affairs.

Corrupt Bargain

The agreement involving Henry Clay supporting John Quincy Adams in the 1824 election in exchange for the position of Secretary of State.

Samuel Slater

This Rhode Island industrialist brought British textile technology to America after memorizing factory plans, despite being sworn to secrecy.

Killing traders/owners, steering ships to British territory, running away

These three forms of slave resistance were common in the early 19th century cotton economy.

Lowell

This Massachusetts factory town was known for employing young women in "clean" company boarding houses with chaperones and educational opportunities.

New York City

Five characteristics that made this city crucial to America's cotton economy: deep-water harbors, coastal vessel accessibility, good infrastructure, business opportunities, and financial institutions.

McCulloch v. Maryland

This Supreme Court case established that states could not tax the federal government and upheld the constitutionality of the Second Bank of the United States.

Gibbons v. Ogden

This Supreme Court case ruled that federal law supersedes state law in regulating commerce between states.

Worcester v. Georgia

This 1832 Supreme Court case established that Native American tribes were sovereign nations that couldn't be regulated by individual states.

Era of Good Feelings

This period during James Monroe's presidency (1817-1825) was characterized by a decline in partisan politics and seeming national harmony.

John C. Calhoun

In the Election of 1824, this vice president was easily elected despite the controversial presidential outcome.

National Road

This proposed infrastructure project under John Quincy Adams would have connected Washington D.C. to New Orleans.

Protective tariffs

The South opposed these because they helped Northern industries but resulted in higher prices for Southern consumers and reduced demand for cotton exports.

56 percent

In the Election of 1828, Jackson won this percentage of the popular vote and 178 electoral votes.