AP Bio Unit 3

Ribosomes

molecular machines that synthesize proteins according to RNA sequence, made of 2 subunits w/o membranes w/RNA b/w

Ribosomal RNA

A component of RNA created in nucleus, sandwiched between small & large subunit, instructs ribosome to construct specific amino acid sequence

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

network of membrane tubes outside nucleus that detoxify drugs/waste & synthesizes lipids

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

network of membrane tubes w/ribosomes attached to it, transports, modifies & packages newly synthesized proteins from ribosomes for export

Golgi complex

series of flattened membrane-bound sacs that correct folding & modify newly synthesized proteins & package them for transport

Mitochondria

organelle with a double membrane, inner membrane with folds to increase surface area to make ATP for the cell

Lysosome

balls of enzymes that digest damaged cell parts/macromolecules & recycle organic materials

Vacuole

sac that stores water, macromolecules & waste, plant cells have a large central one

Chloroplast

organelle that captures energy from the sun & turns it into sugar, double outer membrane, found in photosynthetic algae & plants

Surface area

A higher ratio of this to volume allows for greater efficiency in moving materials in and out of an area and reactions

Compartmentalization

the splitting up of eukaryotic cell interiors using membrane

Apoptosis

programmed cell death, a function of lysosomes (release enzymes into the cytoplasm)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

usable energy for the cell, used by breaking a phosphate bond

Cellular respiration

the process of converting glucose into usable ener (ATP)

Photosynthesis

the process of turning light ener to chem ener (glucose)

Chlorophyll

a green pigment that absorbs light energy to carry out photosynthesis

Fluid mosaic model

a non-static model of cell membranes with various proteins embedded into it

Glycoprotein

1+ carbs attached to membrane protein, used for cell recognition

Glycolipid

1+ carbs attached to membrane lipid, used for cell recognition

Selective permeability

property of membranes that allow certain molecules to pass through while blocking others (size & polarity)

Transport protein

proteins in cell membrane that help move large charged ions across (channel, gated channel, carrier)

Cell wall

structural boundary in plant, fungi & prokaryote cells, protect & maintain shape of cell

Turgor pressure

int cell force from water pushing up against cell wall, makes plants less wilted

Solute

substance being dissolved (like salt)

Solvent

substance that dissolves a solute (like water)

Solution

uniform mixture of 1+ solutes in a solvent

Diffusion

movement of molecules from high to low concentration (sometimes directly across membrane)

Passive transport

the natural movement of molecules from high to low concentration w/o energy

Active transport

the movement of molecules from low to high concentration, requires ATP

Concentration gradient

the range of solute concentration in one area v another created by a membrane separating 2 areas

Endocytosis

cell uses ener to take in mm & PM by forming new vesicles from plasma membrane

Exocytosis

int vesicles use ener & fuse w/plasma membrane to secrete large mm out of cell

Vesicle

membrane containers that help move materials from one part of cell to another

Facilitated diffusion

movement of molecules from high to low concentration through transport proteins

Ion

an atom/molecule w/charge from gaining or losing 1+ electrons

Aquaporin

channel protein that transports water across membrane, lined with hydrophilic molecules

Sodium-potassium pump

active transport protein that pumps out 3 Na ions & 2 K ions in, helps maintain elecchem gradient (used in neurons)

Osmosis

diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane

Hypertonic

more solute, less solvent

Isotonic

equal solute & solvent

Hypotonic

less solute, more solvent

Water potential

measure of tendency of water to move by osmosis, moves from high to low, solute potential + pressure potential

Pressure potential

measure of amt of pressure exerted on a substance by its surroundings

Solute potential

measure of amt of solute in substance lowering the water potential (-iCRT)

Osmolarity

total solute concentration in a solution

Osmoregulation

the process of maintaining a balance of water & solutes in an organism

Homeostasis

the process/state of maintaining stable internal enviro conditions to func properly

Eukaryote

Larger cells that developed later, has membrane bound organelles, includes animal & plant cells (can be single or multi cellular)

Prokaryote

single cell very small organisms w/o membrane bound organelles or nucleus, includes bacteria & archaea

Membrane-bound organelle

 specialized component of eukaryotic cell enclosed in a membrane

Endosymbiosis

the relationship b/w a cell living inside another, mutually beneficial

Tonicity

measurement of relative concentrations of solute b/w 2 solutio

Plasmolysis

plant cell in environmental hypertonicity & water leaves plant cell, membrane peels back from cell wall

Flaccid

plant cell in environmental isotonic, no pressure

Turgid

ideal state of plant cell, happens when in environmental hypotonicity & water flows in

cytolysis

animal cells burst due to hypotonic environment (too much water flowing in)

phagocytosis

cell takes in large particles through endocytosis

pinocytosis

cell takes in extracellular fluid containing dissolved substances through endocytosis