BIOL405 Final, Neurogenesis and Development of the Nervous System, Neuronal Migration and Morphogenesis in Neurobiology, Axon Elongation and Branching Mechanisms in Neurobiology, Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Neurobiology, Neural Development a…

glial cells

Support, protect, and maintain the environment of neurons, involved in repair and metabolic support.

epiblasts

From ectoderm.

hypoblasts

From endoderm.

neural plate border

Turns into neural crest cells.

neural plate

Invaginates into mesoderm.

notochord

Instructs neural plate borders; necessary and sufficient for development of D/V.

Hox Genes

Help determine identity of body segment A/P.

progenitors

Give rise to various neural cell types including neurons and glial cells.

neurons

Facilitate communication via electrical and chemical signals in the nervous system.

astrocytes

Metabolic structural homeostatic neuroprotectant. Connect synapses. Controls how many neurotransmitters are present in synapses (reuptake). Sufficient to promote synapses maturation by secreting many proteins. Phagocytosis synapses in response to eat me signaling silenced synapse.

oligodendrocytes

Produce myelin sheaths in axons.

ependymal cells

Line epithelial cells produce circulate monitoring cerebrospinal fluid.

excitatory neurons

Mediate excitatory neurotransmission, critical for brain function and information processing.

neural crest cells

Give rise to peripheral nervous system.

Schwann Cells

Myelinate axons in PNS.

High vocal center

Send signals to parts of brain to sing.

Dentate gyrus

Shows adult neurogenesis.

Striatum

Regulates motor behaviors and responses to adverse and rewarding stimuli.

excitatory glutamatergic neurons

Migrate along progenitors.

Inhibitory GABAergic neurons

Travel longer than excitatory neurons.

filopodia

Sensory and motility functions in cell movement.

lamellipodia

Broad, sheet-like extensions for cell movement and shape changes.

microtubules

Provide structural support and facilitate intracellular transport.

Kinesin

Moves cargo from - end to + end (anterograde transport) (microtubule transport).

dynein

Moves cargo from + end to - end (retrograde transport).

Myosin V/VI

Interacts with actin filaments, converting chemical energy from ATP into mechanical energy which allows it to 'walk' along actin filaments.

Lis1

Translocate organelles.

Ndel1

Helps transport the nucleus.

Myosin II

Constricts actin and exerts a 'pushing force' for nucleus movement.

Integrins

Mediate adhesion between neurons and radial glia. Promotes branching of dendrites.

Endosomes

Tell cell body what the growth cone needs.

Mitochondria

Produce ATP needed for axonal branching.

Cajal- Retzius Cells

Produces Reelin.

Cadherins

Mediate adhesion between cells. Connect with each other and with axons. Axons and dendrites with the same kind of cadherin can match.

commissural neuron

Spinal neurons receive signals from body and send to brain; first go to bottom ventral part of spinal cord then cross floor plate.

Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGC)

Have olfactory sensory neurons axons that send signals to main olfactory bulb.

olfactory neuron

Has 1 type of odor receptor.

Dendrites

Presynaptic compartment.

Basal dendrites

Short dendrites, closer to the cell body.

Apical dendrites

Long dendrites, projecting towards the cortical surface.

Golgi apparatus

Polarization of golgi is necessary for formation of apical dendrite.

Endoplasmic reticulum

Synthesizes and transports proteins and lipids.

Protocadherins

Regulates self-avoidance, adhesion molecules. Cause dendrites to avoid each other.

Spine

Major site of excitatory synaptic input.

Bouton

Releases neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft.

Synapses

Specialized junctions where neurons communicate via chemical or electrical signals; involve presynaptic and postsynaptic components.

Pontine axon

Transmits signals from the pontine nuclei to the cerebellum, facilitating motor coordination and learning.

Granule cell

Receives inputs from mossy fibers and transmits signals to Purkinje cells; plays a key role in signal processing and integration in the cerebellum.

Tripartite

Synaptic architecture involving presynaptic, postsynaptic, and astrocytic processes to enhance signal modulation, support, and neurotransmitter recycling.

Microglia

Phagocytosis synapses.

noggin

Blocks activin pathway, induces early neural fate.

chordin

Blocks activin pathway, induces early neural fate.

follistatin

Blocks activin pathway, induces early neural fate.

activin

Inhibits neural fate during development.

otx2

Activates transcription of midbrain genes.

Gbx2

Activates transcription of hindbrain genes.

FGF8

Regulates cell proliferation and patterning.

wnt1

Promotes dorsal neural patterning and midbrain development.

Pax7

Specifies dorsal neural tube structures.

Pax6

Specifies dorsal structures in neural tube, aids eye development.

olig2

Specifies motor neuron and oligodendrocyte precursor identity.

Nkx2/6

Promotes ventral motor neuron formation via Shh signaling.

sonic hedgehog

Specifies ventral neural tube progenitor into oligodendrocyte.

GliA

Mediates activation in Shh signaling.

GliR

Mediates repression in Shh signaling.

BMP

Specifies dorsal-ventral tube progenitor into astrocyte.

Nrg1

Promotes Schwann cell differentiation, attracts inhibitory neurons.

ErbB

Mediates signals for Schwann cell development and myelination.

Testosterone

Increases area X, promotes singing behavior.

BDNF

Promotes neuronal migration, differentiation, and survival.

Rac1

Regulates microtubule organization into mesh, forms lamellipodia.

Cdc42

Regulates microtubule organization into bundles, forms filopodia.

Reelin

Guides neuron migration, activates Rac1 and Cdc42.

VLDLR

Reelin receptor, provides 'stop' signal for migration.

ApoER2

Reelin receptor, provides 'go' signal for migration.

Semaphorins

Guide axon formation, promote dendrite branching.

Ephrin

Repels or attracts neurons, influences dendrite guidance.

NGF

Promotes axon growth.

Cytochalasin D

Inhibits actin polymerization.

MAP2

Stabilizes microtubules in dendrites.

tau

Stabilizes microtubules in axons.

Dscam

Triggers axon self-repulsion in Drosophila.

Slits

Repulsive guidance cues for axons.

Netrins

Attracts commissural neurons to floor plate.

cux1

Controls basal dendrites in cortical layers.

cux2

Controls apical dendrites in cortical layers.

PSD 95

Clusters receptors at excitatory synapses.

AMPAR

Mediates fast excitatory synaptic transmission.

NMDAR

Involved in synaptic maturation and plasticity.

Arc Pathway

Regulates AMPAR localization at postsynaptic membrane.

Ube3A

Protein ligase for receptor degradation.

GM130

Shows Golgi transport through apical dendrite.

Brdu Labeling

Synthetic nucleoside that can be incorporated into DNA, in place of thymidine.

What For (Brdu Labeling)

Track the proliferation of neural stem cells and their differentiation into neurons.

retroviral labeling

Uses retroviruses to mark dividing cells.

What For (retroviral labeling)

Track cells by introducing a genetic marker into their genomes using retroviruses.

transplant

Moving cells/tissues between embryos.

What For (transplant)

Tests the influence of intrinsic vs extrinsic factors on cell fate and developmental potential.

Knockout mouse

Genetically modified mouse where a specific gene is inactivated.

What For (Knockout mouse)

Studies the function of a gene by observing phenotypic changes resulting from its absence.