B.132 Exam 2

Plants...

Fungi are unicellular and multicellular.

True

What are hyphae?

each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus.

What are mycelium?

mass of hyphae that grows on/through substrate

increases surface area

Fungi cell walls are made of

chitin

Fungi reproduce by

sexual and asexual reproduction

Fungal reproduction done through

spores

Fungi are heterotrophs.

true

3 clades of fungi:

microsporidia

blastocladiomycota

clade of fungi

basidiomycota

clade of fungi

Microsporidia are

obligate intracellular parasites

Blastocladiomycota have a \___________________ life cycle.

haplodiplontic

Microsporidia grow/replicate

inside of host cell

Microsporidia are the smallest eukaryotic genome.

true

Basidiomycota have a unique reproductive structure called:

basidium

Required for survival

obligate symbiosis

Not required for survival

facultative symbiosis

Lichens have a

obligate mutualistic relationship between fungus and photosynthetic partner

Mycorrhizae have a

facultative mutualistic relationship between fungus and plant roots

Leaf cutter ants and fungi have a

obligate mutualistic relationship

Canida albicans

human fungal pathogens

Canida albicans can cause:

yeast infections or oral thrush

Rusts and smuts

plant fungal pathogens; can damage food crops

ALL plants are

photosynthetic autotrophs

Plant cell walls are made of

cellulose

Plants have a \______________ life cycle.

haplodiplontic

Sporophytes are

multicellular diploids

Gametophytes are

multicellular haploids

Green algae include

chlorophytes and charophytes

Green algae are

aquatic plants

\________________ are an example of a green algae.

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are

unicellular haploids

\___________________ swim using 2 flagella.

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are not haplodiplontic.

true

Lack vascular tissue and tracheids

bryophytes

Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts are examples of:

bryophytes

Flattened gametophyte structure

liverworts

Have leaf-like structures but NOT leaves

mosses and liverworts

Both the gametophyte and sporophyte are photosynthetic

hornworts

Have vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients (allows for larger plants)

tracheophytes

\____________ are also known as club moss.

lycophytes

\_____________ include ferns.

pterophytes

Seeds protect \________, provide food for \____________, and \____________ until good conditions.

embryo, growth, delay growth

\________________ have distinct structures of male and female gametophytes.

pterophytes

In pterophytes, sperm have flagella and require water for fertilization.

true

In seed plants, the male gametophyte is

pollen

In seed plants, the female gametophyte is

ovule

The ovule is housed on

the sporophyte

Do not have fruits or flowers

gymnosperms

Examples of gymnosperms are:

conifers and ginkgophytes

Pine trees are

conifers

Seed plants include:

gymnosperms and angiosperms

Pine trees have thin \__________ with \________ coating to reduce water loss

leaves, wax

"Ginkgo biloba" have a \________ life cycle.

dioecious

Female ginkgophytes have bad-smelling gametophytes.

true

Have fruits and flowers

angiosperms

Plant meristem cells are

dividing cells in plants

After plant meristem division, one cell becomes \___________ & other stays \____________.

non-diving cell; meristem

Apical meristems are

protected by root cap and leaf primordia

Lateral meristems

increase root and stem diameter

3 types of plant tissue:

dermal, ground, vascular

Dermal Tissue is

a protective structure covered in cuticle

Special cells of dermal tissue:

guard cells, trichomes, and root hairs

Guard cells:

control the opening and closing of stomata

Trichomes:

protect leaves, secrete sticky/toxic substances to discourage herbivores

Root hairs:

increase surface area for absorption

Ground tissue is:

responsible for storage or nutrients, photosynthesis, and structural support

3 ground tissue types:

parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

Vascular tissue:

transports water and dissolved sugars/ions

Xylem are responsible for

water transportation

Xylem are tubes made of

dead cells

Tracheids are:

thin cylinders

Vessels are:

thick cylinders

Transport "food" (dissolved sugars)

phloem

Phloem are tubes made of

living cells

\________________ cells are needed to support metabolism.

companion

3 anatomical parts to plants:

roots, stems, leaves

Absorb water and nutrients from soil

roots

4 regions of a root

root cap, zone of cell division, zone of elongation, zone of maturation

Protects meristems (4 regions)

root cap

Houses the meristems (4 regions)

zone of cell division

Where cells grow and elongate (4 regions)

zone of elongation

Cells differentiate into specific cell types (4 regions)

zone of maturation

Prop roots:

brace plant against wind, flooding (visible above ground)

Aerial roots

get water from air (wrap around other plants)

Pneumatophores are

spongy outgrowths of roots that grow above water to get O2 from air

Store water in dry regions

water storage roots

Store carbohydrates

food storage roots

Provide structural support to plants

buttress roots

Support weight of leaves and flowers

stem

2 major groups of angiosperms:

monocots and eudicots

Vascular bundles scattered throughout stem

monocot

Vascular bundles around outside of stem

eudicot

Store carbohydrates and allows stem to grow quickly

bulbs and corms

Horizontally running stems; enable lateral spread of plant

stolons and runners

Stores carbohydrates and can sprout into a new plant

tubers

Twine around support structures; grow higher with less energy use

tendrils

Photosynthetic organs

leaves

Parallel veins

monocot