SDSU BIOL 212 DiDomenico Introduction to Anatomy

anatomical position

universally accepted standard body position where the body is erect, the head is straight forward, the arms are straight and down at sides, the palms are facing up, the legs are straight, and the feet are flat and facing forward

prone

when the body is in the anatomical position laying face down

supine

when the body is in the anatomical position laying face up

acromion (-ial)

shoulder

antecubitus (-al)

inside of elbow area

axilla (-ary)

armpit

brachium (-ial)

upper arm

bucca (-al)

cheek

cephalon (cephalic)

head

cervicis (-al)

neck

cranium (-ial)

part of head that contains the brain

crus (crural)

shin, knee to ankle

digits/phalanges (phalanx)

fingers, toes

facies (-ial)

face

femoral

thigh (upper leg)

gluteus (-eal)

butt

hallux (-cis)

big toe

inguen (-al)

groin line

lumbus (-ar)

lower back

mentis (-al)

chin

oculus (-ar)

eyes

oris (oral)

mouth

otic/auris

ear

palma (-ar)

palm of hand

planta (-ar)

sole of foot

pollex (pollicis)

thumb

popliteus (-ial)

back of knee

sura (-al)

calf

thorax (thoracic)

chest (around ribs)

anterior (ventral)

towards the front

posterior (dorsal)

towards the back

superior

towards the head

inferior

towards the feet

medial

towards the median plane (middle)

lateral

farther from the median plane (middle)

superficial

towards the surface

deep

farther from the surface

plantar

sole of foot

dorsal (foot)

top of foot

palmar

palm of hand

dorsal (hand)

back of hand

parietal

lining anterior body cavities (membrane)

visceral

covering organs within anterior body cavities (membrane)

proximal

towards point of origin

distal

farther from point of origin

sagittal plane

divides the body into right/left sections

median (midsagittal plane)

divides the body into equal right and left sides

parasagittal plane

Divides body into unequal right and left sides

frontal (coronal) plane

a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

transverse (horizontal) plane

a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections

oblique plane

a horizontal plane that divides the body at an angle into superior or proximal/inferior or distal sections

microscopic anatomy

the study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye/without a microscope (helpful in cytology and histology)

gross anatomy

the study of structuresthat can be seen by the naked eye

surface anatomy

the study of general anatomical form (morphology) and how superficial (surface) anatomical markings relate to deeper anatomical structures

regional anatomy

the study of the superficial and internal features in a specific area of the body

systemic anatomy

the study of anatomy based upon the body's organ systems

parietal membrane

membrane that lines the walls of a body cavity

visceral membrane

the membrane covering each organ within a body cavity

-blast-

cell

-condyl-

joint

e-; ef-; ec-

out, away

encephal-, -o

brain

-epi-

on, upon, over

erythr(o)-

red

foram, =en

opening, hole

-hepato-

liver

hypo-

under, less, deficient

-ia; -ism

condition

-leuk-

white

-lysis

breakdown; separation; loosening

-malacia

softening

-myo(s)-

muscle

nuch, =a

back of neck

-pathy

disease

peri-

surrounding, around

-phag-

eat, swallow

pleu, -a, -l, -o

side, rib (lungs)

ren-; nephro-

kidney

-soma

body

-squam-

scale, flat

-stylo-

stalk or stylus?

syn-

together, with, same

talo-

ankle

integumentary system

protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature

skeletal system

supports and protects soft tissues, stores minerals, forms blood

muscular system

provides movement and support, generates heat

nervous system

directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems

endocrine system

directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems

circulatory system

distributes cells and dissolved materials including nutrients, wastes, and gases

lymphatic system

defends against infection and disease

respiratory system

Delivers air to sites where gas exchange occurs between the air and circulating blood; produces sound

digestive sytem

processes and digests food, absorbs nutrients, stores energy reserves

urinary system

Eliminates excess water, salts, and wastes; controls pH; regulates blood pressure

reproductive system

produces sex cells and hormones

flexion

bending a joint; decreases the angle of a joint

extension

straightening of a joint, increasing the angle

hyperextension

joint extended beyond normal range of motion

hyperflexion

joint bent beyond normal range of motion

abduction

movement away from the body/midline (think alien)

adduction

movement towards the body/midline (thinnk ADD)