Geography Test 1

Harm de Blij

prominent geo writer, editor of National Geographic and Good Morning America

Eratosthenes

father of Geography, greek, wrote geography

Geography

* Describes earth
* synthesis
* spatial perspective
* link unlike info looking to solve unanswered problems
* has few limits

Practical value of geography for space

1. reasons why things are located where they are
2. Advantages for things being in appropriate places
3. Penalties for things being in less suitable places
4. Analysis of the location of things can provide insight about causes and other relationships

Places

* space with physical and human meaning
* unique traits made by environment and people
* Genus Loci

Genus Loci

Prevailing spirit, atmosphere of a place

Placement Atatchment

* Guilty pleasure of the golden arches
* tourists eating ad McDonalds feel shame and gratification
* fear/negative images of certain places

Problem Solving

geography knowledge helps solve problems

Phuket Thailand Tsunami

* Dec 26, 2004
* Tilly smith (10 year old) vacationing
* Sees water recede
* geo teacher taught her = tsunami
* tells parents and warns beachgoers
* takes shelter in upper level of a hotel
* 100 people follow
* all others die

Sacred Earth

* We must respect and care for the Earth
* not only must we know, we must care
* recognize problem and act
* earth has enough for everyones need but no ones greed

Ecological Justice

links, morals, religion, harmony on earth

Earth’s Co-Carers

* God and Humans must care for the earth
* Earth is an object to care for and not collect

Mindsets to help be Co-Carers

1. Ecological Sin and Reconciliation
2. Eco-Justice 5 Stages of Grief
3. Eco-Conversion
4. Living entities

Ecological Sin

* harming the earth with action or inaction
* recognize and return
* reconcile

Eco-Justice 5 stages of grief

1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance

Eco-Conversion

* Creation
* Crucifixion
* Ressurection

Living Entities

* Natural entities are alive and have rights
* Whanganui River, NZ - rights as humans
* Lake Erie, Toledo, OH - has its own rights

Fr. Thomas Berry

* Eco-Theologian
* Care for the earth through religious view

Problems

* Earth seen as object
* no earth rights
* well people on a sick planet
* current industrial state cannot be maintained

Yale Study

* M ore people practice religion = less worried with nature
* focus on moral conduct
* Relief in redemption: we are not of this world

Solutions

* Human rights do not cancel other rights: coexistence
* Land ethics
* Change from conquers to members of earth
* not ego, but eco
* continent constitutions
* land rights recognized by court
* no pax humana
* Pax Gaia
* peace on earth and everything on it

Longevity and creativity rest on

1. no fear of change
2. Having intellectual curosity
3. being interested in big things
4. being happy in small things

physical geography

analyze the earth’s surface is shaped

Physiography

* Landscape description
* all of the natural features on the earths surface

Primary Landforms

structure created by tectonic activity

Secondary landforms

structure created by wearing and erosion

New island in Japan

* Nishinoshima island 
* New volcanic island 
* Only above water in Nov 2013 
* 2.46 square kilometers  
* Opportunity to study emergence of life without human interference  
* Volcanic activity calms down 
* Activity of plants from ocean currents and attached to bird’s feet 
* Seabird excreta and feathers = nutrient rich soil 
* Seeds carried by wind = growth 

Human Geography

examine how people shape the world and how they settle, interact, move

State

politically organized territory run by sovereign government and recognized by significant portion of international community

Nation

tightly knit group of people possessing bonds of language, ethnicity, religion, and other shared traits

Nation State

* Country whose population possess a substantial degree of cultural unity
* mono not multiculturalism

Human and Physical geography

interrelationship of humans and earth

environmental racism

Placing enviro damaging facilities in minority areas

Afircville

Area of Halifax where they placed: coal railway lines, oil plant, fertilizer plant, slaughter houses, tar factory, and tannery

Dialect

spoken in reigon that uses its own words, pronunciations. Difference b/w Canadian and American accent.

Esperanto

Latin based Global Language

Health

Time in nature improves health (2 hours per week)

Dr. John Snow

London Dot map, what water pump causes sickness in people

Endemic

disease is particular to a locality or region

Epidemic

outbreak of disease locally or regionally

Pandemic

outbreak that spreads worldwide

geography explanation of health

* low elevations in low latitudes = far greater number of disease causes
* higher latitude and altitudes = far less numbers

Disasters

* Risk is a part of life, matter of location
* No place is completely safe: asteroids
* 2+ billion people in high enviornment danger areas
* climate change worsens odds
* people subject slaves to known dangers even if they can avoid them

Psuchology

people influenced by surrounding

Geography psychology

how living conditions impact on values and attitudes

Migrant behaviour

more outgoing, extrovert, sociable, openness to experience

isolated bahaviour

more isolated people are more likely they are introverts

Highest Suicide state

Utah

Lowest suicide state

New York

Demography

study of population

Census

* roman registration of citizens and property for tax.
* official record of the population with info on , age, sex, jobs

100 people in the world language

* Chineese 21 (mandrin 17)
* Hindi 9
* English 9
* Spanish 8
* Arabic 5
* Bengali 4
* Portugese 3
* Russian 3

100 people in the world population

* Asia 60
* Africa 15
* Europe 10
* South/Central America 9
* Canada and USA 5
* Oceana 1

100 people in the world age

* under 10 - 18
* 10-20 - 17
* 20-40 - 30
* 40-60 - 23
* 60+ - 12

100 people in the world religion

* Christians 33
* Muslims 21
* Non religious 16
* Hindus 14
* Shamanism, animism, other folk religions 8
* Buddhists 6
* Judaism, confucianism sikhism, janism, baha’i, etc. 2

100 people in the world technology

* 50 radios
* 45 tvs
* 118 phones
* 100 cell
* 28 computers
* 2 truck
* 10 automobiles
* 20 bicycles

CBR

Crude Birth Rate - births/1000

CDR

Crude Death Rate - deaths/1000

4 demographic cycle stages

1. High Stationary Stage: High BR and DR
2. Early Expanding Stage: High BR low DR
3. Late Expanding Stage: Decline BR and DR
4. Low Stationary Stage: Low BR and DR

High Stationary stage: High BR and DR

hunting and gathering

\

Early Expanding Stage: High BR low DR

agricultural

Late Expanding Stage: Declining BR and DR

industriliazition

Low Stationary Stage: Low BR and DR

Tertiary - services

3 demographic Variables

1. Birth/fertility
2. Death/mortality
3. Migration

Natural increase

Births per day - deaths per day

how many born in Canada every day?

908

How many die in Canada every day?

623

Canada’s Natural increase

285

Doubling time

* how long does it take for a population to double at current rate
* use rule of 70

rule of 70

divide 70 by the population growth rate

Canada’s pop growth rate

1\.022%

Canada’s Doubling time

70/1.022 = 68.5 years to double

Population Pyramid

* graph that depicts population distribution by =age and sex
* left side = male
* right side = female
* 5 year age groupings

pyramid shape

lots of births and deaths - population expanding

Beehive shape

lots of births, less death - population is stable

Bell shape

less births but same deaths - population is diminishing

Dependency Load

* population that is not working
* 15 and under, and 65+
* Canada has a 31 dependency load
* high dependency load = pressure on society to provide, education, healthcare, and pensions

Migration

Changing residence permanently

Immigration

coming to a country to live there

Emigration

leaving a country to live in another

International migration

Im and EmIn, migration

In-migration

coming to another part of their country to live there

Out-migration

leaving a part of their country to live there

International migration

In and Out migration

Push Pull concept

move because of conditions in current area and attraction of a new place

Push factors

conditions cause a want to leave current place (overcrowded, climate, government)

Pull factors

conditions that cause a want to go to another place (family, work)

4 categories of push pull concept

1. economic
2. political
3. environment
4. social (health and education)

Migrant rejection

* exclusion = human trait presents since communities
* keeping locals in their place

Immigration is low

UN report on migration

* 281 million in 2020
* 3.6% of the world’s population

Immigration Advantages

* new ideas
* boldness
* risk tolerance
* ambition
* more than 1/3 of American Nobel Prize winners are immigrants
* more and 50% are children of/or immigrants

Thomas Malthus

* Worried about decline of England’s living conditions

Thomas Malthus blamed decline on

1. overproduction of young
2. inability of resources to keep up with rising population
3. irresponsibility of lower classes

Thomas Malthus’ essay on the principle of population (1789)

* humans capable of overproducing if left unchecked
* growth checked by food within 50 years
* population 1-2-4-8-16
* food 1-2-3-4

Thomas Malthus noted

1. population is inevitably limited by means of subsidence
2. population increases with increase in means of subsistence unless prevented by power checks
3. checks that inhibit reproductive capacity are


1. private= late marriage, abstinence, celibacy
2. destructive = war, poverty, disease, famine
4. Malthusian catastrophe


1. population exceeds food production
2. return to subsistence - level conditions
3. no time frame

Anti Malthus thought

* population growth will peak at replacement level
* population stress from lack of resources by increase wants
* proper social structure structures could eradicate problems

No catastrophe since

* large food supply growth changing family wants
* contraception

Paul Ehrlich

* population bomb (1968)
* thought everyone was going to die
* suggested preventative action

Paul Ehrlich preventative plans

1. Temporary sterilant to food and water
2. stop food aid
3. forced sterilization in india
4. no sacred right to kids
5. responsibility prizes
6. luxury tax
7. federal bureau of population and enviornment

Why was Ehrlich wrong?

* 1960 population growth slowed in 1970
* insisted food and water production at limits
* food production increased faster than population growth
* 2011 Study UN says population will stabilize at 10.1 billion