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Landfill
Methane produced by bacteria decomposing waste, toxic chemicals leach into soil and water
Incineration + EFW
CO2 and toxic emissions, residue left over, 2% of electricity in Switzerland comes from incineration
Re-Use
Esp. glass —> energy inefficient to recycle
Ship Breaking
Alang and Chittagong, cruisers and ocean liners scrapped and re used, very dangerous to workers
Export
LEDCs import waste from MEDCs to landfill, Western plastics ‘poisoing Indonesian food chain’, China banned import of waste plastic in 2018
E-Waste
Electronic waste, 50 million tons per year(2021), difficult to dissassemble so difficult to recycle, sent to places with less strict environmental regulations
Agbogbloshie
Suburb of Accra, world’s largest e-waste dump, life expectancy 25
lead levels 4x higher than U.S standards
cadmium
arsenic
flame retardants
phthalates
Moore’s Law
Computer processing speed will double every 18 months, therefore every 18 months a new product comes out
Toxics in Toxics Out
Toxic chemical goes into our products(e.g. PVC) and are released when waste is disposed of
Basel Convention
1989 convention on the control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and Their Disposal, phones+laptops+plastics not considered hazardous
Externalities
Things companies don’t include on their balance sheet e.g. waste and pollution
Recycle Logo Controversy
The ‘Resin Identification Code’ is a number inside the ‘recyclable’ symbol, only number 1(PET) is actually recyclable
Planned Obsolescence
Built to not be durable or to need upgrades so that the consumer needs to buy more often
Linear Economy
Extraction → Production → Distribution → Consumption → Disposal
Types of Waste
solid
recyclable/reusable
liquid
gaseous
bio-degradable/organic
medical
construction
hazardous
Centennial Bulb
From the first generation of lightbulbs, filament so strong it never broke to they changed the design to sell more
Incandescent → CFL → LED