HYPO/HYPERGLYCEMIA EXAM 2

what are Classic symptoms of diabetes?

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

Differentiate Type 1, Type 2, Gestational diabetes.

Type 1: autoimmune, insulin-dependent.
Type 2: resistance + ↓ secretion.
Gestational: pregnancy-related, resolves postpartum (risk for T2 later).

what are Patient findings that require immediate treatment/admission?

: LOC change,

very high/low BG

, ketones in urine(DKA/HHS)

what is the concept of A1C?

• Hemoglobin A1C is a blood test that measures the average blood sugar (glucose) levels over the past 2–3 months.

• It reflects how much glucose has attached to hemoglobin in red blood cells

• .Normal: <5.7%

• Prediabetes: 5.7–6.4%

• Diabetes: ≥6.5%

• Goal for most diabetics: ~<7%

what does an infection do to BloodGlucose?

Increases BG; diabetics need more frequent checks when ill(harder to manage).

what is the Impact of hyperglycemia on wound healing & periop goals?

Delays healing;

periop goal = stable normoglycemia with IV insulin + glucose balance.

what are assessment findings of DKA?

Fruity breath,

Kussmaul respirations,

ketonuria,

high BG,

altered LOC.

How does hypoglycemia affect CNS?

Brain depends on glucose → confusion, seizures, coma if untreated.

what is some Education on hypoglycemia management?

Rapid carbs if alert, IV D50 if unconscious, call 911 if unresolved.

How do diet, behavior, meds, illness, exercise affect BG?

• Diet: Carbs raise BG; skipped meals can cause hypoglycemia.

• Behavior / Lifestyle: Stress and poor sleep ↑ BG; alcohol can ↓ or ↑ BG.

• Medications: Insulin/sulfonylureas ↓ BG; steroids ↑ BG.

• Illness: Infection/stress ↑ BG; reduced appetite can ↓ BG.

• Exercise: Aerobic exercise usually ↓ BG; intense exercise may ↑ BG temporarily.

Why is tight BG control important?

• Keeps blood sugar in range to prevent eye (retinopathy), nerve (neuropathy), and kidney (nephropathy) damage.

• Protects heart( heart disease, stroke poor wound healing), blood vessels, and overall health.

what is Key education for diabetic clients?

Blood Glucose (BG) Monitoring

• Teach how to check BG at home and recognize patterns.

• Understand target ranges and what to do if BG is too high or too low.

2. Medications

• How and when to take insulin or oral diabetes meds.

• Importance of adherence to prevent hypo- or hyperglycemia.

• Educate on side effects and proper storage.

3. Diet & Exercise

• Balanced meals with appropriate carbs, protein, and fats.

• Consistent meal timing with meds.

• Exercise lowers BG but may require adjustments in meds or snacks.

4. Recognizing Complications

• Acute: Hypoglycemia (shakiness, sweating) or hyperglycemia (thirst, frequent urination).

• Long-term: Signs of retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy.

• Teach foot care and importance of regular eye and kidney checks.

5. When to Call the Provider

• Persistent high or low BG.

• Signs of infection, illness, or sudden changes in health.

• Symptoms of severe complications (e.g., vision changes, numbness, confusion).