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Hayes and Wheelwright's Four-Stage Model
A framework illustrating the evolution of operations contribution from internally neutral to externally supportive of strategic goals.
Stage 1 - Internally Neutral
Focus on correcting wrong practices and achieving parity with competitors.
Stage 2 - Externally Neutral
Adoption of best practices to perform on par with industry standards.
Stage 3 - Internally Supportive
Linking operations strategy with broader business strategy for effective support.
Stage 4 - Externally Supportive
Driving business strategy by redefining industry expectations and establishing leadership.
Four Perspectives on Operations Strategy
A comprehensive approach consisting of Top-down, Bottom-up, Inside-out, and Outside-in perspectives.
Top-Down Perspective
Aligning operations function with overall business objectives strategically.
Bottom-Up Perspective
Utilizing day-to-day learnings and operational improvements to inform strategic decisions.
Inside-Out Perspective
Developing internal capabilities essential for achieving competitive advantage in selected markets.
Outside-In Perspective
Defining operational capabilities and strategic adjustments based on market demands and customer expectations.
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