Semester 1 Final

anatomical structures

All physiological functions are performed by specific _____ _____.

11 organ systems

The body can be divided into _____ _____ _____, but all work together and the boundaries between them aren’t absolute.

homeostasis

Physiological systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment. The condition of _____.

volume; composition; normal

In doing so they monitor and adjust the _____ and _____ of body fluids, and keep body temp. within _____ limits.

balance

A state of equilibrium exists when opposing processes or forces are in _____.

abnormal; survival

If they cannot do so, internal conditions become increasingly _____ and _____ becomes uncertain.

standing; sides; forward; together

Anatomical descriptions refer to an individual in the anatomical position: _____, with the hands at the _____, palms facing _____, and feet _____.

environment

Cells respond directly to their _____ and help maintain homeostasis at the cellular level.

energy

Mitochondria provide most of the _____ needed to keep your cells (and you) alive.

oxygen; carbon dioxide; ATP

They require _____ and organic substrates, and they generate _____ _____ and _____.

structure; function

The nucleus contains the genetic instructions needed to synthesize the proteins that determine cell _____ and _____.

chromosomes

This information is stored in _____, which consist of DNA and various proteins involved in controlling and accessing the genetic information.

DNA

Genes are the functional units of _____ that contain the instructions for making one or more proteins.

Mistakes

_____ in copying are usually detected and corrected, but any that persist may alter or disrupt gene function

diffusion

In the absence of a cell membrane, or across a freely permeable membrane, _____ will quickly eliminate concentration gradients.

Mitosis

_____ is the duplication of the chromosomes in the nucleus and their separatation into two identical sets in the processes of somatic cell division.

cell growth; division

Cancer results from mutations that disrupt the control mechanism that regulates _____ _____ and _____.

sex; 46

All cells in your body (except _____ cells, which form sperm or oocytes) contain the same _____ chromosomes.

epithelial; connective; muscle; neural

There are four types in varying combinations that form all of the structures of the human body: _____, _____, _____, and _____ tissue.

stronger; weaker

When deposition exceeds removal, bones get _____, when removal exceeds deposition, bones get _____.

strength; mass

What you don’t use, you lose. The stresses applied to bones during physical activities are essential to maintaining bone _____ and bone _____.

urine

Each day calcium and phosphate ions circulating in the blood are lost in the _____.

weaker

To keep body fluid concentrations stable, those ions must be replaced, if they aren’t obtained from the diet, they will be released from the skeleton, and the bones will become _____ as a result.

strong

If you want to keep your bones _____, you must exercise to make sure your diet contains vitamin D and plenty of calcium- at least enough to compensate for daily excretion.

muscular; ligamentous

The weaker the joint, because mobile joints rely on _____ and _____ support rather than solid bone-to-bone connections.

lower limbs

The vertebrae conduct the body weight to the _____ _____; the inferior vertebrae are larger and stronger because they bear the most weight.

pectoral girdle; pelvic girdle

The _____ _____ is highly mobile and stabilized primarily by muscles; the _____ _____ is more massive, stronger, and far less mobile.

thin; thick; sliding

Skeletal muscle fibers shorten as _____ filaments interact with _____ filaments and _____ occurs.

voluntary

All _____ muscle contractions and intentional movements involve the sustained contractions of skeletal muscle fibers.

frequency

The force exerted can be increased by increasing the _____ of motor neuron action potentials or the number of stimulated motor units (recruitment).

fatty acids; glycogen

Skeletal muscles at rest metabolize _____ _____ and store _____.

ATP; lactic acid

During light activity, muscles can generate _____ through the aerobic breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids, or amino reactions that generate _____ _____ as a byproduct.

tone

Muscle _____ is an indication of the chronic background level of activity in the motor units in skeletal muscles.

fibrous tissue

If inactive for long periods, muscle fibers may be replaced by _____ _____.

70

Most skeletal muscles can shorten to roughly _____ percent of their “ideal” resting length.

axial

The _____ skeleton protects the brain, spinal cord, and visceral organs of the chest.