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anatomical structures
All physiological functions are performed by specific _____ _____.
11 organ systems
The body can be divided into _____ _____ _____, but all work together and the boundaries between them aren’t absolute.
homeostasis
Physiological systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment. The condition of _____.
volume; composition; normal
In doing so they monitor and adjust the _____ and _____ of body fluids, and keep body temp. within _____ limits.
balance
A state of equilibrium exists when opposing processes or forces are in _____.
abnormal; survival
If they cannot do so, internal conditions become increasingly _____ and _____ becomes uncertain.
standing; sides; forward; together
Anatomical descriptions refer to an individual in the anatomical position: _____, with the hands at the _____, palms facing _____, and feet _____.
environment
Cells respond directly to their _____ and help maintain homeostasis at the cellular level.
energy
Mitochondria provide most of the _____ needed to keep your cells (and you) alive.
oxygen; carbon dioxide; ATP
They require _____ and organic substrates, and they generate _____ _____ and _____.
structure; function
The nucleus contains the genetic instructions needed to synthesize the proteins that determine cell _____ and _____.
chromosomes
This information is stored in _____, which consist of DNA and various proteins involved in controlling and accessing the genetic information.
DNA
Genes are the functional units of _____ that contain the instructions for making one or more proteins.
Mistakes
_____ in copying are usually detected and corrected, but any that persist may alter or disrupt gene function
diffusion
In the absence of a cell membrane, or across a freely permeable membrane, _____ will quickly eliminate concentration gradients.
Mitosis
_____ is the duplication of the chromosomes in the nucleus and their separatation into two identical sets in the processes of somatic cell division.
cell growth; division
Cancer results from mutations that disrupt the control mechanism that regulates _____ _____ and _____.
sex; 46
All cells in your body (except _____ cells, which form sperm or oocytes) contain the same _____ chromosomes.
epithelial; connective; muscle; neural
There are four types in varying combinations that form all of the structures of the human body: _____, _____, _____, and _____ tissue.
stronger; weaker
When deposition exceeds removal, bones get _____, when removal exceeds deposition, bones get _____.
strength; mass
What you don’t use, you lose. The stresses applied to bones during physical activities are essential to maintaining bone _____ and bone _____.
urine
Each day calcium and phosphate ions circulating in the blood are lost in the _____.
weaker
To keep body fluid concentrations stable, those ions must be replaced, if they aren’t obtained from the diet, they will be released from the skeleton, and the bones will become _____ as a result.
strong
If you want to keep your bones _____, you must exercise to make sure your diet contains vitamin D and plenty of calcium- at least enough to compensate for daily excretion.
muscular; ligamentous
The weaker the joint, because mobile joints rely on _____ and _____ support rather than solid bone-to-bone connections.
lower limbs
The vertebrae conduct the body weight to the _____ _____; the inferior vertebrae are larger and stronger because they bear the most weight.
pectoral girdle; pelvic girdle
The _____ _____ is highly mobile and stabilized primarily by muscles; the _____ _____ is more massive, stronger, and far less mobile.
thin; thick; sliding
Skeletal muscle fibers shorten as _____ filaments interact with _____ filaments and _____ occurs.
voluntary
All _____ muscle contractions and intentional movements involve the sustained contractions of skeletal muscle fibers.
frequency
The force exerted can be increased by increasing the _____ of motor neuron action potentials or the number of stimulated motor units (recruitment).
fatty acids; glycogen
Skeletal muscles at rest metabolize _____ _____ and store _____.
ATP; lactic acid
During light activity, muscles can generate _____ through the aerobic breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids, or amino reactions that generate _____ _____ as a byproduct.
tone
Muscle _____ is an indication of the chronic background level of activity in the motor units in skeletal muscles.
fibrous tissue
If inactive for long periods, muscle fibers may be replaced by _____ _____.
70
Most skeletal muscles can shorten to roughly _____ percent of their “ideal” resting length.
axial
The _____ skeleton protects the brain, spinal cord, and visceral organs of the chest.