Unit test 1

developmental psychology

Skinner's most interesting concept relates to?

Concepts to variable reinforcement schedule

societies that prize social harmony, obedience, and close family connectedness over individual achievement

collectivist cultures

The scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan

Developmental psychology

The scientific study of development from birth through adolescence

Child development

adult development

the scientific study of the adult part of life

The Study of Aging and the Elderly

Gerontology

A period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

Emerging adulthood

Which are the 2 groups of older adults?

Young- old and Old-Old

Death comes more often from_______ diseases rather than ___________ diseases

chronic disease and infectious disease

During 1960s the woman had civil rights, counterculture movements emphasized liberation and this was called decade of..?

Decade of protest

Facilitated the broadcasting of ideas and feelings to expanding group of followers and friends?

social media

Rousseau

Argued that babies enter life totally innocent

and that we should raise children with love.

Believed that human beings are born a Tabula Rasa, and that the way we treat children shapes their adult lives.

Locke

pasteurized milk

What was the most exciting improvement the public health made during the first half of the 20th century?

A person's fifty-fifty chance at birth of living to a giving chance.

Average life expentancy

an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses

infectious disease

The maximum lifespan

The biological limit of human life (about 105 years).

an ongoing condition or illness such as heart disease, obesity, and cancer

chronic disease

income inequality

Income inequality refers to the extent to which income is distributed in an uneven manner among a population. In the United States, income inequality, or the gap between the rich and everyone else, has been growing markedly, by every major statistical measure, for some 30 years.

The movement of an individual up the class hierarchy. Achieved through education, marriage, career, or financial success

Upward mobility

A division of population based on occupation, income, and education.

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Countries with strong economies and advanced technologies and a higher standard of living.

Developed world

The less-developed societies, in which industrial production is either virtually nonexistent or only developed to a limited degree. The majority of the world's population live in less-developed countries.

Developing world

individualistic culture
a culture that emphasizes individuality and responsibility to oneself

individualistic culture

What does theory in developmental science offer?

Offer broad explanations of behavior that apply to people at every age, or describe changes that occur at particular ages.

The influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions (Genetics)

Nature

traditional behaviorism

The original behavior worldview that focused on charting and modifying only "objective," visible behaviors.

Environmental causes of development

nurture

operant conditioning

Learning based on the consequences of responding.

Is a powerful force for good and bad. (Its the opposite process of extinction)

Reinforcement

Emphasizes that people learn by watching others and that our thoughts about reinforcement determine our behavior.

cognitive behaviorism

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Modeling

An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

self-efficacy

Which are the 3 hypothetical structures that define personality according to Sigmund Freud?

1) Human beings are irrational
2) Adult mental Health depends on our parents care during early life.
3) Self-understanding is the key to living a fulfilling life.

Which was the purpose of Freud's therapy called "Psychoanalysis" ?

To get patients to become more aware of the represented early childhood experiences causing their symptoms and liberate them from tyranny of the unconscious to live productive lives.

How is Freud's theory called?

Psychoanalytic

What does Psyche mean?

soul or mind (Inner life)

What does "Libido" mean?

Psychological energy (sex drive)
The energy of the sexual drive as a component of the life instinct.

According to Freud, the unconscious is

the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware.

According to Freud where the sexual feelings are centered?

On areas of the body called Erogenous Zones

Which are the 5 Psychosexual stages?

1) The Oral: The mouth
2) The Anal : Sexual feelings center in elimination
3) The Phallic: Sexual Feelings shift to the Genitals
4) Genital
5) Latency: Asexual Stage that lasts until puberty

Its when a child develops sexual fantasies relating to the parent of the other sex , and the same-sex parent becomes a rival.

The Oedipus Complex

What do contemporary developmentalists believed about self-understanding?

The ability to reflect on and regulate our emotions/ Maturity

Who formulated the attachment theory?

John Bowlby

Believed that caregivers shape our adult ability to love, but he focused on what he called the attachment response

John Bowlby

the idea that early attachments with parents and other caregivers can shape relationships for a person's whole life

Attachment theory

The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

evolutionary psychology

Study the role played by our genes and our environment in mental ability, emotional stability, temperament, personality and interests. They look at the causes of our individual differences

Behavioral geneticists

A study in which the behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins.

twin study

Twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.

fraternal twins

Analysis of how traits vary in individuals raised apart from their biological relatives

Adoption study

Compares similarities of identical twin pairs adopted into different families to determine the genetic contribution to a given trait
twin/adoption study

twin/adoption study

The nature-interacts-with-nurture principle that our genetic temperamental tendencies and predispositions evoke, or produce, certain responses from other people

Evocative forces

capable of functioning in two, usually opposite directions

Bidirectional

Refer to the fact that we actively select out environment based in our genetics tendencies

Active Forces

The extent to which the environment is tailored to our biological tendencies and talents. In developmental science, fostering this fit between our talents and the wider world is an important goal.

Person-environment fit

Is called the father of lifespan development?

Erik Erickson

Why is Erickson considered an ego psychologist?

He emphasized the role of culture and society and the conflicts that can take place within the ego itself

Why is Erickson consider the father of lifespan development?

Because he believed emotional growth occurs throughout life and spelled unique challenges we face at each life stage.

Which are the Erik Erikson's Stages Of Psychosocial Development?

1) Trust Vs Mistrust
2) Autonomy Vs Shame and Doubt
3) Initiative Vs Guilt
4) Industry Vs Inferiority
5) Identity Vs Role Confusion
6) Intimacy Vs Isolation
7) Generativity Vs Stagnation
8) Integrity Vs Despair

Which are the Erickson's Psychosocial Stages?

Infancy (Birth to 1 year)
Toddlerhood (1 to2 years)
Early Childhood ( 3 to 6 years)
Middle Childhood (7 to 12)
Adolescence to emerging Adulthood (Teens into twenties)
Early Adulthood (Twenties to early forties)
Middle Adulthood ( Forties to sixties)
Late adulthood ( Late sixties and beyond)

The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

Epigenetics

Is the first step of promoting mental growth, involving fitting environmental input to out existing mental capacities.

Assimilation

According to Piaget, schemas are

people's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experiences

According to Piaget, accommodation refers to

the adjustment of current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences.

The stage theory that holds that the child's abilities to mentally represent the world and solve problems unfold as a result of the interaction of experience and the maturation of neurological structures

Cognitive developmental theory

What did Piaget believe?

Children pass through distinct developmental stages in sequence and children should be able to discover the world through spontaneous play

Which are Piaget's Stages of development?

-Sensorimotor. Birth through ages 18-24 months.
-Preoperational. Toddlerhood (18-24 months) through early childhood (age 7)
-Concrete operational. (Ages 7 to 11.
-Formal operational. (Adolescence through adulthood)

Explain the Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget)

Mental activity is confined to sensory and motor functions
- age birth - 2 yrs
- No memory
+ Objects disappears --> think its gone

Explain the Preoperations stage

Piagetian stage that focuses on egocentrism, cent ration, and acquisition of symbolic schema

Explain the Concrete stage (Piaget)

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Explain the formal operational stage.

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Research that examines the relationships between variables, whose purpose is to examine whether and how two variables change together.

correlational research

A measurement having people report on their feelings and activities through questionnaires

self-report strategy

representative sample
a sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population as a whole

representative sample

Is when researchers observe the behavior of people or animals in their natural habitats

naturalistic observation method

The only research strategy that can determine that something causes something else

involves randomly assigning people to different treatments and then looking at the outcome.

True experiment

Which type of research designs scientists use?

Cross-sectional and Longitudinal studies

A study in which a representative cross section of the population is tested or surveyed at one specific time.

Cross-Sectional Study

a study that observes the same participants on many occasions over a long period of time, effort and expense.

Longitudinal study

a study that involves contrasting and combining results from different studies, with the aim of finding patterns among the results that might bring about new information

meta-analytic study

Research that provides data that can be expressed with numbers, such as ranks or scales.

Quantitative Research

Unformal research methods, including observation, following social media sites, in-depth interviews, focus groups, and projective techniques

Qualitative Research

Researchers and practitioners who study the human lifespan

Developmental Scientists

Scientific study of development from birth through adolescence

Child development

Scientific study of the aging process and older adults

Gerontology

Scientific study of adult life

adult development

How is lifespan development defined? (FEEI)

Focuses in the individual variation that gives spice to life

Explores the predictable milestones that punctuate human growth through life


Explores the impact of life transitions


Is multidisciplinary

An egg cell containing the genetic material contributed by the mother of the baby

Ovum

The pear-shaped muscular organ in a woman's abdomen that houses the developing baby

endometrium lining

Uterus

Female organ of reproduction used to house the developing fetus.

Uterus

The neck of the uterus is called the:

cervix

Can cause serious birth defects, including microcephaly and other brain abnormalities?

Zika Virus

tubes which carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and which provides the place where fertilization occurs

Fallopian Tubes

Can lead to lifelong problems such as seizures, feeding problems, hearing loss, vision problems and learning difficulties?

Microcephaly

is a birth defect in which a baby's head is smaller than expected when compared to babies of the same sex and age.

Microcephaly

is a unique pattern of birth defects and disabilities found among fetuses and babies infected with Zika virus during pregnancy.

Congenital Zika Virus