AP Human Geography Unit 2

Arable Land

fertile land

demography

the spatial and ecological aspects of population Ex: distribution, density, fertility, gender, healthy, age, mortality, and migration

population density

measure of population per unit area

ex: total population/total land area= people per square unit

unevenly distributed across the world

carrying capacity

the population beyond which a given environment cannot provide support without becoming significantly damaged

more accurate representation of over population

total population/total arable land area

increased trade for needed resources

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Number of births per year per thousand people

Total Fertility Rate

Average number of children born to a woman in her reproductive lifetime

Zero Population Rate

When there is no increase or decrease in population

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The deaths per year per 1000 people

Highest Death Rates: Sub-Saharan Africa

Population Explosion

A dramatic increase in world population since 1900

Causes: Steep decline in death rate without decline in fertility rate

Humans have begun to reproduce at an exponential rate

Malthusian Theory

Global population grows at a faster rate (Exponential) than people are able to produce food (Linear) results in worldwide famine that will ultimately control population

Neo Malthusians

Suggests that Malthus’s hypothesis may still be correct

Neo Malthusians Sustainability

Can we keep producing the way we are?

Farming practices deplete nutrients in soil, depletion of irrigation sources

Neo Malthusians Increasing Per Capita Demand

What if everyone ate as much as 1st world countries?

As 3rd countries develop their populations will demand more food

Neo Malthusians Natural Resource Depletion

What happens if we run out of other nonrenewable materials? Depleting other resources such as timber, oil, and minerals negatively effects quality of life

Population Pyramid

Percentage of the total population in five year age groups

youngest at the bottom oldest at the top

males on left females on right

length of bar represents the percentage of the total population

Dependency Ratio

The percentage of population that is either too young ot too old to work compared to the working population

Social Consequences of Dependency Ratio

Changing roles of children/elders

Increasing ‘grey power’

increased immigration

senior neighborhoods

decline of services. for youth

growth of services for elderly

social conflict

Economic Conseuqneces of Dependency Ratio

Increased government cost to society due to government programs and taxes

increased economic pressure on labor force

labor supply issues= not enough workers

changes in employment opporunity

economic pressure on adult children

Sex Ratio

Number of males per 100 females in the population

Developed Countries have more women than men

Asian countries have more men than women

Demographic Transition Model Stage 1

High death rates

high birth rates

produces no long term natural increase

hunter gathering societies

when a population has food the birth rate will increase- usually not sustainable

remote groups

Reasons for change in birth rate DTM 1

Many children needed for farming. Many children die at early age. Religious/social encouragement. No family planning

Reasons for change in death rate DTM 1

Disease, famine, poor medical knowledge so many children die

Demographic transition model stage 2

High birth rate

rapidly falling death rates

very high natural increase

advancements in industrial revolution increased standard of living

medical revolution

Reasons for change in birth rate DTM 2

Same as DTM 1 many children needed for farming. many children die at early age, relgious/social encouragement, no family planning

Reasons for change in death rate DTM 2

Improvement in medical care, water supply, and sanitation. Fewer children die

Demographic Transition Model Stage 3

Death rate falls more slowly

Birth rataes rapidly decline and death rates continue to decline

rate of natural increase begins to moderate

decision to have fewer children- live in cities to decline in mortality

ex: Brazil

Reasons for change in birth rate DTM 3

improved medical care and diet. Fewer children needed

Reasons for change in death rate DTM 3

same as stage 2, improvements in medical care, water supply and sanitation and fewer children die

Demographic Transition Model Stage 4

Very low birth rates and death rates

virtually no long term increases and possible decline

characterized by zero population growth

socail customs cause shift- increasing status of women, more likley to use birth control

ex: United States

Reasons for change in birth rate DTM 4

family planning, good health, improving status of women, later marriages

Reasons for change in death rate DTM 4

good health care, reliable food supply

demographic trnasition model stage 5

very low birth rates

low death rates

slow decrease in natural increase

ex: germany have few women in child bearing years

problems: few young people to support the elderly population not enough workers to stimulate the economy

reasons for change in birth rate in DTM 5

same as stage 4, family planning, good health, improving status of women later marriages

Reasons for change in death rate DTM 5

good health care reliable food supply

reasons for lowering birth rates

education and health care- better education, later marriages and survival of more infants

Contraception: especially in asian countries

population control

regulating population of a place by artificial means

epidemiological transition

the branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution and control of diseases for each stage of model there are specific health threats

geographer trace these on the ETM

Stage 1 ETM

infectious and parastic diseases are main cause of death

black death

cholera

malaria

hiv/aids

stage 2 ETM

receding pandemics improved sanitation, nutrition and medicine reduced the spread of infectious disease poor people compacted in cities had death rates

stage 3 ETM

degenerative diseases

chronic disorders associated with aging cardio vascular disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes, alzheimers

Stage 4 ETM

still affected by cardiovascular disease and cancer

life expectancy is extended by medical advances

obesity, type 2 diabetes

stage 5 ETM

New epidemic disease

evolution of microbes, poverty

increased connections

influenza

diseases of poverty

transmitted by people in close contact, usually in poor living coniditons

not confined to people living in poverty but more prevalent

diseases of affluence

affect primarily wealthy countries due to mainly lifestype choices and extended age

obesity, diabetes, alcohol and smoking, heart disease

infant mortality rate

annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age compared to total live births

life expectancy

average number of years an infant can expect to live at current mortality levels

pandemic

disease found in widepsread area throughout multiple populations

degenerative

wearing down of tissues

migration

long term relocation of an individual, household or larger group to a new locale outside the country of origin

emigration

leaving a place

immigration

going to a new place

internal migration

moving with in a place

intervening opportunity/obstacle

when an opportunity presents itself along the way stopping or altering migration

new migration

volume of immigrants-emigrants

laws of migration

majority of migrants move a short distance

migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big city destinations

urban residents are less likely to migrate than rural residents

families are less likely to make international movements than young adults

characteristics of migrants

most migrants are single males 25-29, easier to move by yourself, makes are more likely to be hired for employment, age of employment

gravity model

measure the interaction between places

migration is directly related to population as migration to a place increases so does that place’s population

migration is inversely related to distance- as distance between two places grows, less migration will occur

push factor/pull factor

something that makes someone want to leave a place

something that makes someone want to go to a palce

economic conditions, political circumstances, armed conflict and civil war, environmental conditions, technological advances

political push factors

instability, civil war, tyrannical leaders, political persecution, violation of human rights

refugee

a person who had been forced to move to avoid political issues and cannot return without fear of persecution

environmental push/pull factors

water is the most important factor- too much in flood zones, too little in places where there is desertification

disasters force people to move sometimes permanently, move to better climates

economic push and pull factors

most people migrate for economic reasons wages, opportunity, specialization, changes over time

intraregional migration

rural to urban- seeking economic opportunity

urban to suburban- middle class flight, basic services, non basic services

counter urbanization

urban to rural migration

enticed by lifestyle, retirement

cyclical movement

leads to chain migration

labor workers move in search of job for a short period and then return home

called migrant workers

guest worker programs

pros- remittances, supply of labor

cons- crime, unemployment social welfare burden loss of skilled workers

formal obstacles for immigration

formal policies to control the number of foreigners arriving to work

chinese exclusion act 1882

informal obstacles to immigration

inspection process- medical and intelligence tests

tenement buildings

cultural conflict economic concerns

nativism- know nothing party

pro-natalist policies

the policy or practice of encouraging the bearing of children, especially government support of a higher birthrate

anti-natalist policies

concerned with limiting population growth

arithmetic density

the total number of people divided by the total land area

physiological density

the number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture

agricultural density

the ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

infant mortality rate (IMR)

the total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society

asylum seeker

someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recongnized as a refugee