Psych 101 (CORRECT)

Instinct theory

People are motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of evolutionary programming

Drive theory

the belief that behavior is motivated by drives that arise from biological needs that demand satisfaction

incentive theory

A theory of motivation stating that behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli

.arousal theory

A theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation

.Humanistic

study that says that humans are basically good and possess a free will

classical conditioning (Pavlov)

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Set point theory

belief that brain mechanisms regulate body weight around a genetically predetermined 'set point'

settling point models

body weight settles at a balance between energy intake and expenditure

Prevalence

The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time

Maslow

Humanist psychologist who developed a pyramid representing heirarchy of human needs

.self-actualization

the process by which people achieve their full potential

physiological needs

need to satisfy hunger and thirst

Safety needs

security, safety

esteem needs

prestige and feeling of accomplishment

belongingness and love needs

intimate relationships, friends

emotion

a complex psychological state that involves a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response

mood

Milder emotional state that is more general and pervasive, such as gloominess or contentment

Neuroscience of Emotion

Emotions are associated with distinct patterns of responses by the sympathetic nervous system and in the brain

fear response

Decrease in skin temp (Cold feet)

Anger response

Increase in skin temp (hot under the collar)

Amygdala

a part of the limbic system that activates when something threatning, fearful faces or hear sounds related to fear are seen

Darwin (1872)

theorized that human emotional expressions are innate and culturally universal

Ekman (1980)

Estimates the human face is capable of creating more than 7,000 different expressions

Innate facial expressions

are the same across many cultures

Spontane facial expressions

children and young adults who were born blind do not differ from those of sighted children and adults

Emblems

nonverbal gestures that have well-understood definitions within a given culture

James-Lange theory of emotion

theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli

two-factor theory of emotion

Schachter and Singer's theory that emotion is determined by two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labeling

Cognitive Appraisal Theory

theory of emotion which theorizes that individuals decide on an appropriate emotion following the event

Development Psychology

the branch of psychology that studies how people change over the lifespan

developmental psychologist

Investigate the influence of biological, environmental, social, cultural, and behavioral
factors on development at every age and stage of life

prenatal development

The baby's development during a pregnancy

conception

sperm penetrates the ovum

germinal period

first two weeks after conception

embyronic period

weeks 3-8

fetal period

two months after conception until birth

Teratogens

Harmful agents or substances that can cause malformations or defects in an embryo or fetus

.causes of teratogens

Exposure to radiation
Alc
Drugs
Smoking
Viruses
Toxic Chemicals

prenatal brain development

The brain undergoes dramatic changes from conception to birth

.Newborn relfexes

things a newborn does that is not learned, but it done naturally

Rooting

turning the head and opening the mouth in the direction of a touch on the cheek

Sucking

sucking rhythmically in response to oral stimulation

Babinski

fanning and curling toes when foot is stroked

grasping reflex

a baby will try to grasp an object that is placed on his hand or foot

cephalocaudal pattern

top to bottom growth

proximodistal trend

The center-outward direction of motor development

.securely attached

infants explore the room when mother is present, become upset and explores less when mother is not present, and show pleasure when mother returns

insecurely attached

babies are less likely to explore the environment, even when their mother is present

Noam Chomsky

theorist who believed that humans have an inborn or "native" propensity to develop language

universal characteristics

incomprehensibility and cultural relativity

Jean Piaget

Known for his theory of cognitive development in children

sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years)

coordinate sensations with movements
object permanence
progress from reflexive action to symbolic thought

preoperational stage (2 to 7)

during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Egocentrism

Inability to take another persons POV

Irreversibility

inability to reverse sequence (count backwards)

Centration

The tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects

concrete operational stage (7-11)

which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

formal operational stage

during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

adolescence

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

Moral Development Theory

growth in the ability to tell right from wrong, control impulses, and act ethically

Physical strength typically peaks

In early adulthood (20s and 30s)

menopause in women

Signals the end of reproductive capacity
Occurs any time from the late 30s to the early 50s

Personality

Individual's unique and relatively consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving

Personality Theory

Describes and explains how people are similar, how they are different, and why every individual is unique

psychoanalytic perspective

the perspective that stresses the influences of unconscious forces on human behavior

id

A theory stating that instincts and intrapsychic conflicts are the basic factors shaping personality development (both normal and abnormal)

Superego

part of the personality that acts as a moral center (responsible for guilt)

ego

partly conscious rational component of personality that develops out of the id in infancy
Understands reality and logic

reality principle

Ability to postpone gratification in accordance with demands of external world

Carl Jung

collective unconscious

Karen Horney

focused on security and social relationships

Alfred Adler

individual psychology

Humanistic Perspective

Emphasizes ree will, self-awareness, and psychological growth

Carl Rogers

Most basic human motive is actualizing tendency; other drives are secondary
People are motivated in accordance with self-concept
Self-concept begins early in life

social-cognitive perspective (Albert Bandura)

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context

.Albert Bandura

Human behavior and personality are caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors (reciprocal determinism).

trait perspective

emphasizes the description and measurement of specific personality differences among individuals

Trait

Formally defined as a relatively stable, enduring predisposition to behave in a certain

Trait theorists

Focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions

Raymond Cattell (Representative Trait Theories)

Proposed 16 personality factors

Used a statistical technique called factor analysis to identify them

Hans Eysenck (Representative Trait Theories)

Believed that individual differences in personality are due to biological differences among people

Eysenck's theory of personality

introversion/extraversion, neuroticism/stability, and psychoticism are the three main personality traits

McCrae and Costa: Five-Factor Model

Many trait researchers propose essential building blocks of personality can be described in terms of five basic personality dimensions

.Roschach Inkblot Test

projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A projective personality test, developed by Henry Murray and colleagues, that involves creating stories about ambiguous scenes

social cognition

refers to how we form impressions of other people, how we interpret the meaning of other people's behavior, and how our behavior is affected by our attitudes

social influence

focuses on how our behavior is affected by other people and by situational factors

person perception

The mental processes we use to form judgments and draw conclusions about the characteristics and motives of other people

.Social Categorization

Mental process of categorizing people into groups (or social categories) on the basis of their shared characteristics

Attractiveness

Attractive people are perceived as more intelligent, happier, and better adjusted

Actor-observer bias:

Tendency to attribute our own behavior to external, situational characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of internal, personal factors

fundamental attribution error

an individual's tendency to attribute another's actions to their character or personality, while attributing their behavior to external situational factors outside of their control

Affective

feelings and emotions

Behavior

Actions regarding the topic or situation

cognitive

Thoughts and conclusions

prejudice

Negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific social group

In-Group

The social group to which one belongs

Out-group

The social group to which one does not belong

Stereotypes

widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group