biology exam 3

evolution

changes in allele frequencies, genetic change in the population

population

all the organisms that belong to the same group or species and live in the same geographical area

fossils, anatomy, biogeography, molecular

evidence for evolution

natural selection

idea that Individuals better able to obtain resources were more likely to survive and reproduce

survival of fittest

Organism’s genetic contribution to the next generation, Number that survive and reproduce

macroevolution

focuses on changes that occur over geologic time scales

microevolution

evolution that examines genetic changes over a short time frame

Hardy-weinberg equilibrium

allele and genotype frequencies do not change from one generation to the next.

Gene pool

Population’s entire collection of genes and their associated alleles

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium equation

directional selection

one extreme phenotype is the fittest

disruptive selection

the extreme phenotypes are the most fit

stabilizing selection

average phenotypes are the most fit

Sexual dimorphism

difference in appearance between males and females

Sexual selection

variation in the ability to obtain a mate

Intrasexual selection

one sex compete among themselves for access to the opposite sex

Intersexual selection

one sex choose their mates from among multiple members of the opposite sex

nonrandom mating, mutation, genetic drift, gene flow

mechanisms of evolution

Gene flow

movement of genes between populations

Genetic drift

random loss of alleles from a population. Small populations are more at risk of genetic drift effects since it is easier to lose an allele that is present in only a very few of the small population.

species

• A group of plants or animals having similar

appearance.

– A taxonomic group whose members can

interbreed.

– A taxonomic group of organisms capable of

interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.

Pre-zygotic isolation

isolation that affects the ability to form offspring

Post-zygotic isolation

prevents speciation by selecting against hybrid offspring

allopatric speciation

no contact between 2 populations

parapatric speciation

populations share border with another

sympatric speciation

populations share the same ecosystem, but exploit niches in environments

Hybrid speciation

two different but closely related species interbreed and produce offspring able to reproduce

Gradualism

evolution proceeds in small, incremental changes over many generations.

Punctuated equilibrium

brief bursts of rapid evolution interrupting longer periods of little change

Adaptive radiation

rapid divergence of a species into numerous new species, to take

advantage of new ecological options

false

Gametic isolation is a type of post-zygotic isolation (t or f)

why viruses are not living organisms

lack cellular structure, do not grow in size or divide, do not respond to eternal stimuli, do not carry independent metabolism

protists

diverse, mostly unicellular, and motile, sexual/asexual, auto/heterotrophic

viruses

smaller than bacteria, consists of DNA or RNA, surrounded by a

protein coat

attachment, penetration, synthesis, assembly, release

virus replication steps

virus (attachment)

virus binds to cell surface receptor

virus (penetration)

viral nucleic acid released inside the cell

virus (synthesis)

host cell manufactures viral nucleic acid/proteins

virus (assembly)

new viruses made from coat proteins, enzymes, and nucleic acid

virus (release)

new virus leaves host cell

prokaryotes

no nuclear envelope, No membrane-bound organelles, Single, closed loop strand of DNA + plasmids

Coccus

Spherical or elliptical prokaryote

Bacillus

Rod shaped or cylindrical prokaryote

Spirillum

Helix or spiral prokaryote

Gram stain

used to distinguish between differences in cell wall, purple → gram positive, pink → gram negative

binary fission

reproduces replica of bacteria and archaea

Transduction

DNA fragments are transferred via viruses

transduction, transformation, conjugation

How do prokaryotes acquire new genetic information?

transformation

Acquisition of fragments of DNA from surroundings

conjugation

Piece of DNA is transferred from one cell to another

plant-like, fungus-like, animal-like

3 main protists

Dinoflagellates

Two flagella, Produce bioluminescence, Red tide

Diatoms

cell walls composed of silica and are considered an environmental indicator, Phytoplankton, Numerous industrial uses: Insulation, Filler, Abrasive, Filter

Dinoflagellates, diatoms, seaweed

plant-like protists

Fungus-like protists

Slime molds and water molds

slime molds

Body resembles fungus, Engulf food

Water molds

Diploid body, Cell wall contains cellulose, not chitin, Some are parasites of plants & animals

Animal-like protists

protozoa

protozoa

Very diverse, mostly heterotrophic, ex: amoeba, malaria

bacteria

has peptidoglycan, prokaryotic, lacks organelles

archaea

no peptidoglycan, prokaryotic, lacks organelles

shape, cell wall composition, metabolism, and reproduction

Prokaryotic classification is based on…

Chlorophyta

green algae

Phaeophyta

brown algae

Rhodophyta

red algae

Protista is often referred to as an artificial kingdom. (t or f)

true

true

The animal-like protozoans are mostly heterotrophic. (t or f)

500 MYA

When did plants evolve?

non-vascular, seedless vascular, gymnosperm, angiosperm

4 major plant groups

non-vascular plant

non-vascular, dominant haploid, disperse via spores, flagellated, independent of sporophyte

seedless vascular plants

dominant diploid, vascular, flagellated, disperse via spores, independent of sporophyte

gymnosperms

dominant diploid, vascular, non-flagellated, disperse via seeds, inside sphorophyte

angiosperm

dominant diploid, vascular, non-flagellated, disperse via seeds, inside sporophyte

2 groups in angiosperms

monocots and eudicots

monocots

flower parts in 3, leaves with parallel lines, stems

eudicots

flower parts in 4 or 5, woody, concentric growth rings, leaf with net venation

gametophyte

haploid

sporophyte

diploid

Sporophyte and gametophyte are independent of each other

what is NOT a common characteristic of the angiosperms?

true

Gymnosperms were the first seed plants (t or f)

gametophyte

dominant life stage in non-vascular plants

sporophyte

dominant life stage in a seedless vascular plant

sporophyte

dominant life stage in a seed plant

sporophyte

dominant life stage in a flowering plant

false

The most abundant plant group is seedless vascular plants. (t or f)

roots

Which of the following is an adaptation in plants to obtain resources in their new, terrestrial environment?

palm trees

Which of the following is NOT a dicot?

false

Phloem transports water within vascular plants. (t or f)

mosses and liverworts

example of non-vascular plants

ferns and horsetail

example of seedless, vascular plants

seed plants

example gymnosperm plants

flowering plants

example angiosperm plants

animals evolved from protists chanoflagellate

What is the evolutionary history of animals?

multicellular, heterotrophic, similar development, secrete extracellular matrix

What are characteristics that all animals share?

cell and tissue organization, body symmetry, embryonic development

How are animals classified?

phylum porifera

pore bearing, mostly marine, asymmetrical or radial symmetry, no true tissue (sponges)

phylum cnidaria

nettle like, radially symmetrical, 2 tissue layers, 2 body forms carnivores

phylum platyhelmenthes

marine, freshwater and damp habitat, flat body, bilaterally symmetrical, asexual reproduction

phylum mollusca

terrestrial, marine, or freshwater, largest invertebrate is colossal squid, foot, radula, visceral mass

chitons, bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods

4 classes of phylum mollusca