History Unit 3 AOS 1 DAY 3

defence act 1909 

The Act established the "Universal Service Scheme" (or Universal Training), which mandated military training for Australian males aged 18 to 60

outbreak world war 1 Hp

Andrew Fisher: ‘to the last man and the last shilling’

conscription referendum for + against

-              For: Academics, conversative, protestant church, middle class, newspapers

-              Against: Catholics, pacifists, feminists, radicals, trade unionists

hp promoting voluntary enlistment

-              HP Danniel Mannix “I wanted to promote voluntary enlistment, but I did not want conscription”

hp those against being sympathisers

- HP Billy Hughes “claimed those that voted no to second referendum were German sympathisers”

hp figures of referndum

-              AUS had 40,000 causalities by 1916

-              1916 referendum: 108,557 in favour and 116,003 against

Hi on achievements of trade unions

-              Cited in J M Main conscription “undermines the achievements made by trade unionist by stripping away rights”

Hp role of women in conscription

-              HP VIDA GOLDSTEIN: the time has come for women to show that they, as givers of life, refuse to give their sons as material for slaughter

• -              HI Mirams “radical women played a prominent part in the no campaign”

hp men fighting

- HP BILLY HUGHES: there are men in Australia, and they must fight

hp argus perspective

- THE ARGUS: the first line of defence she said, should be the politicians who created the war, and the second line should be the newspaper editors

hi second conscription referndum

-              HI Mirams and Southee “the second conscription campaign was even more divisive then the first”

-              HI Mirams “mate ship was also a prominent theme”

hp in declaring WW2

·      Robert Menzies : 'it is my melancholy duty to inform you that…GB has declared war upon her, and that, as a result, AUS is also at war'

hi public opinion of war

• Kate Darian Smith: 'there was a general sense of foreboding dread amongst civilians'

hp fall of singapore

John Curtin: 'the fall of Singapore opens the battle for Australia"

hp statistics of what australia had

When war erupted in pacific region AUS only had 73% of rifles it needed, 50% of guns and 31% of hand grenades

lack of resources HP

Francis Keble Crowley: 'no nation, not even Britain, has been in greater danger of invasion, and yet lacked the resources with which to defend itself

HI pearl harbour as turning point

Joan Beaumont: 'turning point' in Australia’s foreign policy

hi aus loyalty to UK

HI R White “Australians did not necessarily join up for the same reasons Australia did”

HI aus men fighting and dying

HI Mirams and Southee “for 3 years Australian men had been fighting and dying for the British empire”

hi divisions of society due to war

HI Peel and Twomey “ divisions in society generated  during the war continued in the 1920s and 1930s  and that loyalty to the empire was no longer an accepted belief, but something that could be challenged and questioned”

loyalty to UK WW2 HI

S MACINTYRE: Australia entered a second world war as it had entered a first, automatically

HI devloping aus identity

- G SOUTER: war was a powerful, attractive means of asserting national identity

comment made by aus soliders about american soldiers

'over sexed overpaid and over here'

hi on nackeroos for home defence

HI Mirams “nackeroos was established, deployed in small groups in North Australia scouting for enemy activity”

women making bullets WW1

700 women worked at colonial ammunition company making bullets

hi women in unpaid work

McKernan: WW1 'Australian women in their unpaid work learned that they could organise and manage…giving women fresh confidence in their abilites'

women roles in ww1 jobs hI

HI Mirams and Southee” Women worked in clerical work, banking, public service”

women roles being tiring - ww1

HI S Macintyre “fund raising, nursing and sending messages exhausted women”

hi lack of mobilisation of women ww1

HI Mirams and Southee “ there was to be no mobilisation of women in WW1”

hi women filling traditional roles

HI Mirams and Southee “Australian women in general were expected for fulfil their traditional roles as wives and mothers and to contribute to the war effort the fundraising, packing comfort supplies and encouraging recruitment”

hp home league of australia

Home League of Australia – sent 15,000 photos to the trenches – with their aim to be ‘to fight the invisible enemy of men on the homefront...heart hunger, lonliness, isolation, homesickness

hi to what extent did women want the war - ww1 

HI Mirams and Southee “not all women thought it was their duty to ensure their sons or bothers went to fight”

hi traditional feminine role

HI Mirams “ their role of fighting the war was seen exisiting within their traditional feminie sphere of a mother and homemaker”

hi to what extent did women change

P GRIMSHAW: WW1 had contradictory outcomes for gender relations, women had won a measure of independence, yet all agreed it was the man's status that had been really enhanced by the war

HI Mirams “The AWNL  and AWSC suggested that women had the orgainsation skills to operate outside the sphere of the home effectively”

place of women on homefront ww2

Catherine Speck - feminist view : 'the Homefront in the earlier war was a safe place, a feminine space, but this distinction was overtaken by events in the second war"

hi women being only a nessessity - ww2

Micheal McKernan: 'this [women in work] was out of necessity'

Curtin: 'only for the duration of the war'

hi women not being boss

Elly Blackshaw: 'the men were the bosses, and the women did the work'

comparing ww1 and ww2 role of women

Patsy Adam Smith: 'in WW1 the only outlet for women was knitting socks, packing comforts for troops and raising money for the war effort…but when WW2 threatened our shores, AUS women demanded a chance to defend their country'

'never before had they been so emancipated from the tyranny of home, family and conventional society'

hi munitions being a symbol for women

Kate Darian Smith: munitions work quickly became symbolic of female wartime industrial involvement

-              Womens Employment Act 1942

women hp number in industry

 

WW2 25000 women took paid jobs in industry + 6600 women entered aux forces

description of hughes

Joan Beaumont (HI) –Described Hughes as “pugnacious, emotional, abrasive and sometimes irrational”

reason aus joined ww1

drought in 1914 so less money so they joined

hi doubts of war

HI B GAMAGE: “The first flickers of doubt appeared” - views start to change in 1915 – impacts of war felt at home

Vida goldstein newspaper

Newspaper -  Australian Women’s Sphere - Women’s Volter to protest war + imperialism

In 1916 Goldstein founded Women’s peace army

Adele Pankhurst worked with Goldstein advocating antiwar and anti-conscription

hi womens peace league

HI Mirams and Southee “The women’s peace league, women’s peace army marched in demonstrations in support of the strike and against rising food prices and profiteering”

hi adela pankhurst being arrested

HI Mirams and Southee “Adela Pankhurst arrested under war precautions act and the unlawful association act”

role of women in war industiries

KERRY NEALE: The women of the WAAAF (together with those of the Navy and Army, those in munitions factories, the aircraft manufacturing industry, on the land, and in all other areas where women had been called on during the war) had proved that women could fulfil tasks and roles previously undertaken solely by men

gallipoli hi + censorship

Gallipoli was shown as an adventure of war

HI Olga Tsara “Believed it was to emphasise the horror troops were suffering, inspiring men to enlist and to make civilians realise their problems were minor

hi role of propoghanda posters

M BOYD: they [propaganda posters] were an insult to the intelligence of any educated person

propoghanda hi ww2

K Darian Smith : 'the diversity of news or opinions in the press was strictly limited' 'such distortion of news…was justified on the grounds that it was necessary to boost morale and prevent civilian panic

hi differed from ww2

ELANOR MOORE: here as elsewhere, many are still completely under sway of the traditional beleif that war is the only honourable way of settling internation disputes

economic pressure ww1

M MCKERNAN: the working class who bore the brunt of economic down-fall, and they resented the middle class for questioning their loyalty and patriotism

economic pressure ww2 example

Australians could have - 220 grams of butter, 1 Kilo g of meat, half kilo g of sugar

industrial unrest great strike hp 

In 1917 NSW railways tried to remove timecard system – strike leaders condemn this has “Americanising the workforce and robotism” – led to strike

The great strike – some 10,000 men went on strike

Melbourne food riot 1917 – protests in response to food shortages --- cause of riot – conscription

Government responded harshly – unions made illegal, leaders arrested, and workers sacked

hi impact industrial unrest

HI Ian Bushnell “the last vestige of individuality and to make him a mere cog in the machinery of production

hi divisions on home front

HI Mirams and Southee “there were deepening divisions on the home front”  - 444 industrial disputes in 1917 and 4 million working days lost in strikes

hi social unrest and economic hardship

HI Mirams “social unrest and economic hardship exacerbated tensions”

hi civil liabilities restricted

HI Mirams “ the restriction of civil liabilities was largely accepted”

hi ghost of WPA

-              David Henderson: the National Security Act was the ghosts of the war precautions act of the previous war" NSA

hi nsa regulation

K Darian Smith: ' The NSA authorised the GOV to regulate any number of aspects of Australian life that usually went unauthorised' 'enabled the GOV to exercise a form of political oppression'

hi wpa control

-              HI Mirams “ the war precautions act provided the government with the means to control the press and stifle debate if necessary”  -

hi government control due to japan

- HI Mirams “ newsreels, magazines, newspapers, posters, phamlets all controlled by the commonwealth government, reinforced the threat faced from Japan in 1942”

hp on manpower directorate

Manpower directorate – Aus felt manpowered, ensured equality of sacrifice

internment enemy aliens hi

 

-              HI Michael Mckernean “ in this anti alien climate people began to clamour for the wholesale internment of aliens”

hi restriction to enlistment

-              HI Mirams “enlistment in the deference forces has been barred to those not “substantially of European origin or descent under the 1913 defence act “

hp care for atsi

PAUL KEATING: " in truth, we cannot confidently say that we would have succeeded as we would like to have succeeded if we have not managed to extend opportunity and care, dignity and hope to the Indigenous people of Australia"

hp treatment for atsi

KEN COLBUNG: I joined up in the 50s and the type of treatment we were getting then was pretty atrocious, and therefore [it was] quite a relief to get amongst other human begins in the army personnel, and be treated as one of them, an equal.

impact of government activity social

·      HI M CROTTY: war tore not just at individual heart strings but at the very fabric of Australian society, straining the bonds that held people together

hi social temprence movment

·      HI Mirams and Southee “the temperance movement which lobbied to ban the consumption and sale of alcohol had 6pm closing of pubs introduced in all Australian states accept WA”’

hi social alchol closing

·      HI Mirams “by the end of 1915 many of australia spectator sports had been voluntarily cancelled”

hi economic effecrs ww1

·      HI Mirams “wages were frozen. But prices kept rising”

hi effect of working class economic ww2

·      Income Tax, Uniform Tax – “mr austerity”   “total war” – John Dedman – firewood and gas restrictions

hi social liberation for women

·      M Lake “ wartime employment was a moment of liberation for women”

repatriation penefits hi - ww1

HI Mirams and Southee “repatriation benefits included war pensions for those incapacitated and dependants on soldiers who had lost their lives”

-              Australian Soldiers repatriation Act 1917

hp on repatriation schemes soldier settlement

-              HP Hughes soldier settlement was used as a “debt of honour”

hi on repatriation settlement

-              HI Mirams and Southee “from 1916 the promise of land after the war was used as a way of encouraging men to volunteer to fight”

-              Hi Mirams 200,000 Australian servicemen had been repatriated at home

repatriation hi ww2 - women

-              Mirams the Australian soldiers repatriation act  1943 extended provisions to women’s military auxiliaries