taxonomy and cladistics

taxonomy

systematic ordering and naming of organisms

- used to be based on gross morphology

- now based on common ancestry

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Scientific / binomial / genus-species name

- latinized name made out of genus and species

- genus capitalized

- made my linnaeus, when species were still immutable

binomial / taxonomic authority

- the person describing new species (authority) and date of publication follow binomial name

- when revised, o.g authority and publication are in parentheses

biological species concept

a group of interbreeding individuals of common ancestry that are reproductively isolated from all other such groups

phylogeny

pattern of similarity among organisms morphologically and molecular that are inherited from common ancestor

homology

character similarity that results from common ancestry

analogous structures

Body parts that share a common function, but not structure

clade

species that share derived characters

- synapomorphy

synapomorphy

shared derived character

cladogram

formalized tree of life, shows pattern of charaters among species or higher taxa

cladisitics

method for generating cladograms, use large datasets and need powerful computer processing

polymerase chain reaction

technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene, used for dna sequencing

dna sequnce data cladogram

- based on dna subsitutions

- different genes used for different taxonomic levels

- timing of branch points can be calibrated with other data (fossil record)

ribosomal rna sequence data

used for bigger phylogentic level

- different sequences are useful for different phylogentic levels

dna sequncing

- confirms many patterns from embryology

- confirms differences in patterns of development date from time of phylum level divergence

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