WW1 Test Final Flashcards

What is militatarism?

a long term cause of ww1, the belief in using force is the best way to protect national interests and solve disputes

what are some aspects of militarism?

• Military power seen as national prestige

• Glorification of war by all powers

• Arms race among great powers

• Conscription (mandatory enlistment)

• Influential military leaders

• Belief in Social Darwinism

what is social darwinism?

justification of colonizing “inferior” races as it was the duty of “stronger” civilizations to dominate

what are alliances?

long term cause of ww1, several nations join simply to honor an agreement so they all get involved

what are some aspects of alliances?

• agreements among nations to aid each other if attacked

• ex: Russian agreements with smaller slavic nations

what was the triple alliance?

alliance between A-H, Germnay, Italy (known later as central powers)

what is the triple entente?

alliance between Britain, France, and Russia (known late as allies)

what is imperialism?

long term cause of ww1, competition over colonies, particularly in Africa

what are some aspects and example of imperialism?

• competition for new markets and expand global empires

• British concerns over German growth

• British concerns over German competition for colonies

• economic rivalries among britain, Germnay, and france

• British and french desire to contain German claims in africa

what is nationalism?

long term cause of ww1, pride in country and belief that it was better than other countries

what are some aspects and examples of nationalism?

• french revenge against Germany (lost franco-prussian war in 1871)

• french desire for return of Alsace and Lorraine (lost to Germany)

• german pride in military power and industrial growth

• pan-slavism in eastern europe

• Serbian desire to create south slav state

assassination leads to war, how?

when archduke Francis Ferdinand (heir to A-H throne/heir to Francis joesph) visited Sarajevo he was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip.

who was Gavrilo Princip?

Princip was an assassin member of the Black Hand, a secret serb nationalist group who triggered the war using terrorism, sabotage, and political murders.

when did the assassination take place?

Princip basically started the war with his assassination on June 28, 1914.

what was the Austrian-hungarian empire?

the A-H empire was a powerful central power, home to Ferdinand.

when did A-H declare war on Serbia?

After Ferdinand was killed, A-H gave Serbia an ultimatum and the war was kick-started between A-H and Serbia on July 28, 1914

when did Russia mobilize to help serbia?

after A-H declared war on Serbia, Russia mobilized to help serbia on July 29, 1914

when did Germnay declare war on Russia?

Germnay declared war on Russia on August 1, 1914

when did Germany declare war on France?

germany declared war on france on August 3, 1914

when did britain declare war on Germany, A-H declare war on Belgium, and the US claim neutrality?

britain declared war on Germnay, A-H decalered war on beligium, and the US claimed its neutrailiy on August 4, 1914

when did A-H declare war on Russia?

A-H declared war on Russia on august 6, 1914

what was the allied powers and who was in it?

led by France, Britain, and Russia United against the central powers. members include: Serbia, Russian, France, Belgium, Britian, Canada, Australia, Japan, Romania, Italy (switched in 1915), USA (joined 1917)

what was the central powers and who was in it?

named for central European locations, formed in opposition to allies, fought for territory exapansion and domiance, lost the war in 1918. members include A-H, Germany, Bulgaria, ottoman empire (1915)

america was neutral, what groups of people were opposed to the war?

socialists, pacifists, isolationists did not want US involved in European affairs

what three reasons did the US have sympathy for the allies?

1. common ties with England and france

2. upset at Germany's attack on belgium

3. strong economic ties with allies

what happened as Germany marched through Belgium that upset the US?

germnay marched through belgium in order to surprise France with an attack, this was the Schlieffen Plan. but in Belgium they killed many civilians and caused destruction.

what is total war?

willingness to sacrifice lives and all resources for complete victroy

what are some details about the aspect of total war, weapons?

new weapons such as machine guns, subs, planes, posian gas, zeppelins (German airships for long range bombing), etc

what are some details about the aspect of total war, civilian involvement?

• working in munition factories

• purchasing war bonds

• sending supplies to the front

what are some details about the aspect of total war, targeting civilians?

german attacks in belgium

• killing civilians to prevent attacks on troops (angered US, helped push them to war)

Airplanes and zeppelins bombing cities

• munition factories

subs sinking civilian liners

• to prevent shipping of supplies and munitions

Genocide

• Ottoman turks against armenians

what are some details about the aspect of total war, use of propaganda?

• to recruit troops

• to encourage buying war bonds

• to rally people against the enemy

• to recruit women for the cause

what are some details about the aspect of total war, woman involved?

• nurses at the front and in hospitals

• munition factories

• taking over “mens” jobs at home like train stations, main, etc

• sending things to the front

• encouraging men to enlist in the military

• growing food for soldiers

• not drafted but fill some non-combat positions

what are some details about the aspect of total war, genocide?

• ottoman turks, Muslim country, fearful of Christian Armenian minority

• 1915 - round up leaders and shoot them, then eventually kill 500k-1m Armenian christians

• turn genocide not yet coined (1944)

what are some aspects of the causes of US entry into WW1, particularly in cultural identification?

• Britan - more people in positions of power and influence identified with the British cause due to their anglo-saxon roots

what are some aspects of the causes of US entry into WW1, particularly in economic interest with, and in connection to the allied cause?

• because of blockade, US has lent lots of money only to allies

• if allies lost, US banks could possibly lose lots of money

what are some aspects of the causes of US entry into WW1, particularly in supporting the democratic?

• us identifies with the western democracies of Britain, France, Canada, and australia more than the autocratic governements of Germany and A-H

• autocracy - system of govt with one person who has absolute power

what are some aspects of the causes of US entry into WW1, particularly in unrestricted sub warfare?

• previous rules of war stated that a military ship had to warn any unarmed vessel before sinking it

• this favored allies whose naval strength lay with surface ships (battleships, cruisers, etc)

• German subs could not warn ships without risk of attack even from lightly armed ships

• Germans decided to break these rules by issuing a general warning that any vessel within certain waters was at risk of attack

what are some aspects of the causes of US entry into WW1, particularly in the Zimmermann Telegram?

• jan 1917 - British cryptographers deciphered a telegram from German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmerman to the German minister to mexico

• Germnay offered US territory to Mexico in return for attacking the US

• this message helped draw US into the war

when did Germans introduce u.s.w?

germans indroduced u.s.w in 1915

when was the sinking of the Lusitania?

the sinking of the Lusitania happed may 1915 when the Germans sunk a luxury liner killing 128 Americans due to concern that it was carrying weapons and supplies, then Germans then back off

when do the Germans sink the sussex and issue the sussex pledge?

in 1916, when Germany made a promise to the US changing their naval warfare and promised not to target passenger ships. Germany will eventually break this and return to u.s.w

when is u.s.w reintroduced?

u.s.w is reintroduced in feb 1917

when was the zimmerman telegram

the Zimmerman telegram was in Jan 1917

when does the US declare war on germany

the US declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917

us military mobilization

• peace time army was 100,000 men

• 2 million US men volunteered to fight in WW1

what was the selective service act?

signed by Wilson in May 1917, added 2.8 million men into the armed forces over the next two years.

Initially, it was for males 21-30, then all able bodied men 18-45

they dembolize at the end of ww1

home front

the civilian population and activities of a nation whose armed forces and engaged in war abroad

what were women doing at the home front?

factories: thousands of women move into the work force to help the war effort which helps push towards 19th amendment (right to vote for women)

how was propaganda used at the home front?

• demonizing the enemy - hate to mobilize populations

• soldiers - getting men to enlist in armed forces

• liberty bonds

what were some social changes during the war?

• african Americans: the great migrations - hundreds of thousands traveled from south to north

• factory jobs

• faced racial discrimination

• war provides job oppurtunities for women

• filled job vacancies of men in industry (nurses, clerks, teachers, etc)

• volunteers for red cross and peace groups

america enters the war, what were some espionage, sedition, and sabotage acts?

• limits speed against the govt

• fines up to 10,000/ jail time for interfering with the draft, obstructing sale of war bonds, saying disloyal things about govt

• used to limit speech of socialist and suffragist

what were some social tensions and changes?

• hyper patriotism

• anti German sentiment

• mennonite men sent to prison, no provision for conscientious objector status

war bond/liberty bond

• a person lends money to the govt to help pay for an expensive war

• the govt will give money back at the end of the war with interest

• appeals to patriotism

• seen in WW1 propaganda

treaty of Versailles desires of britan

through the treaty, Britain wanted reparations, get Germany's colonies to destroy Germany's navel power

treaty of Versailles desires of france

with the treaty France wanted revenge, reparations, to destroy Germany's military power, regain colonies

treaty of Versailles desires of Italy

for the treaty, Italy wanted recognition on the word stage, possession of colonies

treaty of Versailles desires of US

for the treay, US wanted wilxons 14 points, peace without victory, self determination

treary of Versailles desires of germany

for the treaty, Germany wanted to survive intact, but has no power whatsoever

conditions of the treaty of Versailles?

• breaking up empires, A-H, Germany, ottoman

• punishment of Germany - war guilt clause, limit on armed forces, reparations (33 billion to allies)

• lands to allies (France get Alsace Lorraine, britain get Germany colonies in Africa and Asia)

• france and Britain split former Arab possession of ottoman empire

• creation of the league of nations

us opposed to the treaty, who specifically?

• critics feared that membership in the leagues would involve the US in foreign wars, especoally Henry cabot lodge

• it would limit us’s foreign policy, so he made certain revions

• the US never ratified the treaty and didnt join the leaguewho

who liked the leage?

wilson, deliverd 35 speech's in 22 days and suffered a stroke and he demanded all or nothing for the treaty

what was Wilson's 14 points

it was wilsons hopes for long term peace, wants to address the long term cause of WW1

what are some specifics of Wilson's 14 points

• limitation on size of miliaries through treaties

• no secret treaties

• self-determination

• freedom of the high seas

who was Woodrow wilson

president of the US who created 14 points to prevent future wars

what was the league of nations

• precursor to the U.N designed to guarantee mutual security for all member nations

• most controversial element for US because of isolationism and desire to avoid “foreign entanglements” of which george Washington spoken about in farewell address

what hapened at the end of WW1?

• central powers (Germany, A-H) lose

• 20 million dead, 21 million wounded = 41 million casulties

• new borders

• Europe is destryoed

• treaty of Versailles is about revenge and punishs Germany

• war world 2 will start only 30 years later with over 56 million dead

demonization

method of propaganda, convinces people to hate the enemy by depicting them as evil

name calling

propaganda method, loaded labels to encourage hatred of the enemy

patriotic symbols

used to promote nationalism, symbols/slogans to bring national pride

slogans

using memorable phrases to encourage war support

what are two other propaganda techniques?

appeal to fear and emotional appeal

trench warfare

brutal form of combat, where enemies fought using ditches in the ground, needed because weapons became very advanced

trench foot

when soldiers feet became cold, wet, and swollen due to trench condtions their feet decayed and became disabled

no mans land

the dangerous stretch of land between opposing trenches, belongs to neither side, filled with barber wire, debris, bodies