Nervous System

Sensory Input

The process of detecting changes in the environment through sensory receptors and transmitting this information to the central nervous system (CNS).

Integration

The process by which the CNS processes sensory input and decides on responses, coordinating the body's appropriate reaction.

Motor Output

The response generated by the CNS that leads to actions carried out by effectors (muscles or glands) based on integrated sensory information.

Afferent Neurons

Neurons that carry sensory information towards the CNS from the periphery.

Efferent Neurons

Neurons that carry motor commands away from the CNS to effector organs, such as muscles and glands.

Nervous System

The complex network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body; it consists of the CNS and PNS.

CNS (Central Nervous System)

Comprises the brain and spinal cord; responsible for processing and integrating information.

PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)

All nervous tissue outside the CNS, which includes sensory and motor neurons.

Neuron

A specialized cell that generates action potentials and releases neurotransmitters to communicate with other cells.

Tract (CNS)

A collection of neuronal axons in the CNS, which can be ascending (sensory) or descending (motor).

Nerve (PNS)

A collection of neurons in the PNS, which can be sensory only, motor only, or mixed.

Transduction

The process of converting one form of energy into another; in the nervous system, it often refers to the conversion of stimuli into neural signals.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of stable internal conditions in an organism; regulated by the nervous system.

Receptor

A specialized structure that detects specific stimuli (modalities) and begins the sensory transduction process.

Interoceptors

Receptors that monitor internal body conditions.

Exteroceptors

Receptors that detect external stimuli from the environment.

Autonomic Nervous System

Part of the PNS that controls involuntary functions, such as heart rate and digestion.

Somatic Nervous System

Part of the PNS that controls voluntary movements by activating skeletal muscles.

Proprioceptors

Sensory receptors located in muscles, tendons, and joints that provide information about body position and movement.

Nociceptors

Sensory receptors that respond to potentially damaging stimuli by sending signals that cause the sensation of pain.