Pregnancy and Childbirth

These flashcards cover key concepts related to pregnancy and childbirth, including fertilization, embryonic and fetal development, and stages of labor.

What is capacitation in the context of sperm biology?

Capacitation is the period of sperm conditioning in the female reproductive tract that prepares the acrosome for fertilization.

Where does fertilization occur?

Fertilization occurs in the uterine tube.

What are the three phases of fertilization?

1. Corona radiata penetration 2. Acrosome reaction and zona pellucida penetration 3. Fusion of sperm and oocyte plasma membranes and pronuclei.

What is the morula in the context of early embryonic development?

The morula is a solid ball of cells tightly packed together formed during the cleavage stage after fertilization.

What are the two distinct cell groups in a blastocyst?

The two groups are the embryoblast (inner cell mass) and the trophoblast (outer cell layer).

What hormone does the trophoblast produce during implantation?

The trophoblast produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).

What is the role of the placenta?

The placenta facilitates the exchange of nutrients, gases, waste products, and antibodies between mother and baby, and produces hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.

What developmental stage occurs from weeks 3 to 8?

The embryonic period occurs from weeks 3 to 8.

What gene on the Y chromosome is important for male genital development?

The SRY gene is responsible for causing testes to develop.

What happens to the mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts during male and female development?

Embryos initially contain both duct systems; hormones and genes determine which duct system will degenerate.

At what stage do external genitalia become well differentiated?

External genitalia are well differentiated by week 20.

What is the common function of homologous organs such as ovaries and testes?

Both produce gametes and sex hormones.

What changes occur in the uterus and breasts during late pregnancy?

The uterus expands to about 20 times its normal size, and breasts enlarge and develop the ability to produce milk.

What are the stages of labor?

1. Cervical dilation 2. Expulsion 3. Placental stage.

What are some reasons for a cesarean section?

Reasons include previous C-section, narrow pelvis, placental abruption, placenta previa, atypical presentation of the baby, cord prolapse, and fetal distress.