BIO 1102: Exam 3 Adam Fry

A1C test

for diabetes by checking sugar on red blood cells to get an average glucose level over several months

About how many muscles I the human body?

600

Abscisic acid (ABA)

stops growth. causes dormancy. helps plants cope with environmental stresses like drought, salt.

accessory pigments

help capture other wavelengths of light

Acclimate

A physiological response that involves adjusting to a new range of environmental conditions over the course of minutes, hours, weeks, or months. We acclimate to temperature; think how much better 50°F feels in the early spring (after a cold winter) than in the early Fall (after a warm summer).

ACCLIMATE DOES NOT MEAN THE SAME THING AS ADAPT

Achilles

Tendon;

attaches calf muscle (gastrocnemius) to heel bone (calcaneus) in foot

acute stress response

adrenaline (epinephrine)

fast stress response, 'fight or flight'

Adaptive radiations rely on

BOTH character displacement and resource partitioning

Adrenal gland

stress response.

salt balance in kiidneys

Adventitious Root

a root that develops from SHOOTS instead of roots (ex. prop root of corn)

Aerobic Respiration

slowest way to make ATP, but can make it for hours

Aestivation

summer, dry season, or daily torpor. Some shrews may aestivate during the day to save energy until the next night's feeding. Frogs may aestivate during the driest parts of summer.

The African wild dog or painted dog, Lycaon pictus, is _____ closely related to true dogs (Genus Canis)

NOT

After eating a meal with sugars, blood sugar levels go up. The __ releases __ that travels to __ that store excess Glucose as __.

As blood sugar drops too low, the __ secretes __ that travels to __ that convert __ back into __ and release it into the bloodstream.

Pancreas; insulin; liver and fat cells; glycogen

pancreas; glucagon; liver and fat cells; glycogen; glucose

age structure

the number of individuals in each age class

Allee Effect

individuals in a population may have a hard time surviving or reproducing if population size is too small

individual fitness decreases as population density decreases (positive density dependence)

Allelopathy

When one organism releases chemicals that hurt or help another. Usually a plant suppressing other plants

Allen's Rule

mammals living in the cold have shorter faces and limbs than mammals living in warm areas

Allomone

a hormone that benefits the sender and harms the receiver

ex. the beaded lacewing releases a 'gas' that paralyzes termite larvae prey

anabolic effects

build muscle and body mass

androgenic effects

facial hair, deeper voice, 'maleness'

angiosperms

flowering plants

seeds protected

Annual plants

dry soil with weedy species. dandelion

Anosmia

smell blindness

anthocyanins

reflect blue, purple, dark red

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), or Vasopressin

produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland. causes kidneys to retain water in the blood. regulates salt concentration in blood by adding or subtracting water in bloodstream

Apical Dominance

most growth occurs at apical meristem. apical meristem blocks growth of lateral meristems

aposematic coloration

bright colors warn of poison

Aprical Meristems

Primary growth occurs by increasing cell number and cell seize. Found at tips of ROOTS and SHOOTS and makes primary vascular tissue, XYLEM and PHLOEM

Asprin

the most widely used drug, was first extracted from the leaves of a willow

associative learning

behavior is conditioned by the association. two types differ in how the association is established

As trees grow in width, the innermost ___ functioning in water transport and accumulates _____ (resins, gums, etc.) that make the inner most parts of the wood _____ appear darker then the younger, outermost wood we call the _____

XYLEM;

PROTECTIVE COMPOUNDS;

HEARTWOOD;

SAPWOOD

Auxin

many roles in plants, including growth of adventitious roots in tissue cultures and plant cuttings. Causes cell elongation in response to blue light. Overdose kills plants... as the defoliant in "Agent Orange"

Baculovirus

gypsy moth virus that causes them to stay at top of trees, die, and release virus particles that spread to other gypsy moth catepillars.

Basal Meristem

intercalary meristem located underground (grasses) so they can grow after being grazed

bayesian mimicry

when a harmless species mimics a harmful species. pretend to be poisonous

Behavior

what an animal does and how it does it

Behavioral conflicts of interest

if murdered, more likely by someone you know, but less likely it is a genetic relative

behavioral ecology

study of the adaptive significance of behavior

Behavioral Responses

Moving in and out of light, finding shade. Moving into the sun for warmth. Swimming to cool off. Snuggling, cuddling, huddling are all behavioral responses to cold

behavior influences survival and

reproduction (fitness) and should be shaped by natural selection

behaviors are influences by

both genetic and environmental factors (nature and nurture)

Bergmann's Rule

warm-blooded animals that live in cold areas are bigger than those that live in warm areas

biodiversity crisis

the current rapid decrease in earth's variety of life forms. greatly accelerated extinction rate

Bone spur

(osteophyte)

a small, bony projection that grows along the edge of a bone or in bone joins

Both __ and __ increase collagen content in muscle

exercise and age

breast cancer

some cancers rely on estrogen to grow

Brown Fat

Source of heat unique to neonates that is capable of greater thermogenic activity than ordinary fat; deposits are found around the adrenals, kidneys, and neck; between the scapulae; and behind the sternum for several weeks after birth

Browsing

eating only parts of the plant

Burst shivering

fast-twitch muscle fibers burning sugars

By summertime, the xylem cells are ____ and ____ producing ____ when viewed in cross section of wood. Count rings to know age of tree at the time it was cut

SMALLER, THICKER-WALLED;

DARKER;

ANNUAL GROWTH RINGS

C3 Photosynthesis

most plants use this.

they have no special mechanism for keeping oxygen away from rubisco (i.e. can't stop photorespiration and photosynthesis is less efficient)

C4 photosynthesis

minimize photorespiration by keeping oxygen away from rubisco in different cell types. Oxygen and rubisco are kept separated in space

Calcitonin and its antagonist, Parathyoid hormone

work together to regular calcium and phosphate in the blood

IODINE IS REQUIRED TO MAKE IT WHICH CAN BE FOUND IN IODIZED SALT / DIET

Cam Photosynthesis

Desert plants store CO2 at night to use during the day. Allows them to keep stoma closed during day and reduce water loss. Separate oxygen and rubisco by time (day and night)

Carotenes

reflect red and orange light

Carrying capacity (K)

the maximum population size an environment can support

CCK

produced by the small intestine when you eat and tells brain you're full, suppressing appetite

Celestial

(sun during day; stars at night)

used for general direction. orient toward sun during day, North Star at night

Cellulose

(C6 H10 O5)n.

A chain of hundreds to thousands of linked D-glucose units.

Hydrophilic, but insoluble in water

Character displacement

species evolve non-overlapping traits to avoid competition

(ex. body size)

chlorophyll absorbs

blue and red light

chlorophyll reflect

green light

chronic stress response

the hormone corisol

Cirrhosis

liver cells are destroyed as scar tissue replaces liver tissue in a process known as FIBROSIS

CITES

the convention on international trade in endangered species

classical conditioning

an involuntary response is associated positively or negatively with a stimulus that did not originally elicit the response.

ex. pavlov's dog

clumped

organisms together in herds, flocks, schools, etc.

cognitive learning

solving problems with conscious though (perception, analysis, judgement, recollection, imagination)

ex. chimpanzee stacking boxes to reach higher or crows solving problems

Collagen

protein ribbons that form connective (fibrous) tissue like tendons, ligaments, and skin

a column shape

slow population growth

Commensalism (+/0)

interaction that benefits (+) one species, has no effect (O) on the other

Community

different species in the same area at the same time

Competition (-/-)

nobody benefits

Competitive Exclusion

one species excludes another through competition. Species with the same niche cannot coexist

Condensation

water vapor becomes liquid, releases energy

Conduction

direct transfer of heat between two bodies in contact

Conservation biology

applied, integrated, and multidisciplinary SCIENTIFIC field with a primary goal of long term preservation of biodiversity. Conceived in the 1980s when it became clear the simply 'managing resources' was not sufficient to protect the environment

Convection

Heat exchange between a solid and a moving liquid or gas

Cork Cambium

cells found outside vascular cambium with wax and other waterproofing molecules.

cork cells produce a tough secondary cell wall containing lignin.

outermost layers often called "bark"

Countercurrent heat exchange

arteries and veins in the feet, flippers, appendages, etc. are alighted next to each other so that cold venous blood is warmed by arterial blood before it goes back into the body core.

ex. dolphin's flippers, duck's feet

Cryptic coloration

camouflage, for hiding

Cyclic photophosphorylation

electrons cycle between cytochrome complex and P700

1.). use only P700 and send electrons back to cytochrome complex

2.) only make ATP, not NADPH

3.) water not split, oxygen not produced

Dark Reactions (Calvin cycle)

occur in the stroma

a.) use ATP energy from light reactions

b.) use H+ and 2e- from NADPH

c.) use carbon and oxygen from CO2

d.) all to make sugar molecules C6H12O6

Deceptive patterns or behaviors

to distract or fool potential predators

Demography

The statistical study of human populations.

ex. birth and death rates

Density dependent factors

factors become more intense as population density increases. fitness decreases with increasing density. Disease / parasites/ accumulation of wastes / competition / predators

Density Independent factors

factors that affect large and small populations equally. Natural disasters, over harvesting, pollution, climate/habitat change.

Develop practical strategies to

1. stop loss of genetic variation

2. preserve species and ecosystems

Diabetes insipidus

excessive thirst and overproduction of very dilute urine. Caused by underproduction of ADH (vasopressin), by a lack of sensitivity of kidneys to ADH, or by injury to the posterior pituitary gland

Diabetes mellitus

prolonged high blood sugar (hyperglycemia)

Diabetic Hypoglycemia

dangerously LOW blood sugar levels. can be caused by too much insulin injection

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

because insulin levels are too low, the body cannot use sugar and uses fat as fuel instead. Byproducts of fat breakdown, called ketones, build up in the body. High levels are toxic

Diabetic Neuropathy

too much blood sugar can make neurons less/more sensitive to pain

Diabetic Retinopathy

chronic high blood sugar causes small abnormal blood vessels to form in the eyes and cover the retina. may also leak blood and cause clouded vison

Diabetic Vascular Disease

too much sugar in blood vessels cause inflammation in blood vessels, leading to fat deposits, narrowed vessels, and decreased circulation to extremities

differences between dogs and wolves

1. wolves have bigger feet, heads, and teeth than dogs

2. only dogs can have curled tails, wolfs tail is carried straight

3. wolves show seasonality in breeding

4. dog tracks are staggered, wolf tracks are single-tracked

5. dogs shed fur twice per year. wolves shed once in the spring

6. only dogs can have blue eyes

Dingo

arrived in Australia somewhere between 3500-18,000 years ago.

Not domesticated, but is genetically a dog

displaced European starlings

adults can navigate and orient; juveniles can only orient. learn migration by following adults

Displacement behavior

a normal behavior (eating, grooming, etc.) occurring at an odd time

ex. cat grooming itself immediately after a failed hunt or accident

why? bc of conflict between two strong motivators or stress